Russ, this might help you.
I know i stumble upon them before but i was unable to find them until now.
Only some of the pictures are in his book, the rest is in the archive.

Here is the link
Original pictures courtesy of Evan Soule

Thanks Tavote, 

Yes.  I posted thses along with a bunch of other photos of his coils that are hard to find 5 or so pages back.  You must have missed them. ;)

Any how.  Yes.  Those are verry valuable photos. 

~Russ

Ops :)

Edit: Found them
Russ Posted them 60 days ago on page 22
Post number: #537
File name: newmans_photos_backups.zip

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6H3RymQC7g
~Russ

one key unlocked...

Nice one Russ, That must grab the minds of the many.....The path has been cleared.
Regards

After you consume that last video... This one is me doing what is suppose to be done with information gathered from that...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcoEQ-unPxs

~Russ

ps. realistically... the last 40 min or so is the good stuff... the rest is me trying to rack my brain around the proper connections...

So. According to these results so far. 

You can lower the input current as the magnet sweeps past the coil.  As the magnet induced current is in the same direction.

Its verry clear on the scope shots.

The fact that we have only one coil on one side of the magnet tells us that we only have 1/2 the use of our coil to magnet. 

So the magnet in the coil is verry helpful.  As we will get 2x or more interaction...

I will at one time have 2 coils...  If Richard  let's me keep his a bit longer then I can add to coils to the mix just to see what happens...  ;)

Then we will have 2x the flux from the coil.  2x the induced current,  and only 1/2 the input current...  Hummm...

~Russ

Fantastic sight to behold, your meter running negative.....
 :bliss: :yodel:

Russ, i can't thank you enough for showing us your bench results.

The most important information from your tests for me, is the cancellation effect, just like Newman says it on the page 63 (upper left corner). I just could not grasped what cancellation effect Newman was talking about, i readed that over and over and over again and i just couldn't figured that one out.

Once i saw your test, it was like a bulb that lighted up, because for those of us who don't have an oscilloscope, that is the most important information which solved why the big eureka coil was so high and also why Newman used 50% ON / 50% OFF commutator (or 60 / 40 as Newman once showed us).

So, once again, thank you Russ :)

When you are in a moving car with your eyes closed, you can't tell what speed you are going.  However, what you can feel are the changes in speed.  And that is the clue to the waveforms in Russ' experiments where he waves the magnet past a coil.

Is Russ really demonstrating voltage or current flowing in one direction in a coil as a realizable goal?  You notice that he gets voltage in one direction only if he moves the magnet in one direction.  But any practical type of generator requires that the moving magnet does a repeatable cycle where the magnet moves back to the starting position.  When the magnet moves back to the starting position the voltage or current changes direction.

Thanks for the feed back. 

Heres one for you...

Chew on that for a little bit. ;)

Yellow is batt voltage.  Up is higher,  down is lower.

Blue is current from the battery,  up is going to the coil, down is coming from the coil.

People is voltage at the coil. 

~Russ

Quote from sonnet on January 22nd, 2018, 02:17 PM

ok....so I've got the go ahead to talk plasma too...if john wants to bring it in.

In the main john I agree with you....that's right  I do agree but.....but
I have already said to Russ I think that the galaxies have magnetism between them...they are all connected. with that magnetism it begets charge/electric
I have said to you john and on this thread, the electrons are pushed to the outer circumference and the center of the wire has positive atoms.

If we take it that plasma surrounds our coil then the field created and the Pinch effect would increase the matter in the coil. Because the electrons would be free to travel around the circuit but any ions would be stuck in the coil never being allowed out, they would be neutral in charge.

so using your theory as I understand it you are stating the coils mass will increase, but very slowly.

where by I could use your ideas reverse them to say that the matter was first produced/formed by plasma in the universe and gravity formed it to a sphere. Hence planets and stars group into areas of higher charge we see later as galaxies. This happened until the potential moving through the localized universe equalized enough to stop matter production/forming and allowed gravity to become the dominant force...where upon we came along took a small piece of that matter and put it back into our pressure cooker coil and released that energy (matter) back out with the help of the plasma around it. and in this case our coil will loose mass..

The earth is probably the biggest magnet I have access to, we should all be able to acknowledge that the earth has electrons spinning around it, at the same frequency of spacing as the magnetic flux field. (proof for doubters the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt). Space boffins say the energetic particles from space are trapped by our magnetic field....I submit that those electrons are at least a considerable sum are the magnetic field from earth and what they are measuring is the electrons that make up our magnetic field seen on a huge scale. They are taking in energy from the plasma in space and returning that energy in quantified amounts back to earth. The eV that they hold is far greater than that when in the atom because the distance from there original atom has grown exponentially i.e. the valance ring they are tied too is way out there....   .1 to 10 MeV are normal. Because the potential is greater in the excited electrons in the van Allen belt its net charge is into earth....
In our coil we make the potential difference to push the electrons in our coil out of the wire and create a magnetic field...but and this is were I disagree with john
We loose our potential to the plasma through the electron....so I believe the mass will reduce...
simply put john could be right, but I'm saying it depends which has the greater potential lose...
So whats your take john, folks..
Regards

I have to take a few and make sure that is right. For now check this video out and see if it makes sense:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=338of49iF0k

 See What I can not understand is that people keep referring to electrons. The electron is a measurement only. A mathematical construct to quantify a negative energy. It is not real. Hence why I can not agree on that point. What is real is Plasma, whatever that may be, it seems to have a structure that allows for it to change density based on the electric potential around that plasma. For the most part the plasma I am talking about is a dark mode plasma until it is excited in either polarity.

 This video should give you enough information to see that there is only electric potential in the Universe initially. Then the magnetic is formed in the plasma due to magnetic conduction in that certain plasma. There is two kinds of real plasma and a third mixed type. Each one responds to a different input. One is highly reactive to the electric potential and the other is very magnetic in nature.

 In my example of the two plasma particles one is full of space (colored red or called the charge carrier (Current carrier) magnetic field medium) and the other is full of surface (colored blue or the piezoelectric version (Voltage carrier) electric field medium).
 Here is the picture to see the particles:

 

 The mix of the two is a neutral form of plasma which might be what atoms are made of. This would make atoms biased in the right way conduct both the electric field and the magnetic.

 In most cases the plasma is balanced or in the center of the two colors. When you provide a very high electric field it must separate  the neutral plasma into both an electric sensitive plasma and magnetic plasma. If the coil is putting out a huge electric field then there will be a great amount of plasma that is magnetic reactive around the electric field due to the separating of the two plasma particles. This is how the magnetic field is created around a wire.

 My thinking about a magnet is around the same lines. The magnet separates the two kinds of plasma and they form a structure around that matter. I have not worked out the process yet but I am close. We know the electric field is longitudinal and the magnetic is 90 degrees out of phase from that so it forms around the electric field. The electric field is considered the structure holding up the magnetic field. So from a wires point of view the electric field stick out like hairs and the magnetic field forms cross wise to those hairs. Hence why they show the magnetic field in loops around the wire. It's both kinds of particles just that they have been separated from each other but still want to be together, hence the magnetic collapse. The Electric plasma I believe is inside between the atoms of the magnet and the magnetic plasma forms outside like a skin with layers. Something to that effect..

 Please I would like to remind everyone that this is the cutting edge of our understanding today. It is not complete but so far we are gaining better understanding of this process.

Quote from ~Russ on January 25th, 2018, 12:20 AM

So. According to these results so far. 

You can lower the input current as the magnet sweeps past the coil.  As the magnet induced current is in the same direction.

Its verry clear on the scope shots.

The fact that we have only one coil on one side of the magnet tells us that we only have 1/2 the use of our coil to magnet. 

So the magnet in the coil is verry helpful.  As we will get 2x or more interaction...

I will at one time have 2 coils...  If Richard  let's me keep his a bit longer then I can add to coils to the mix just to see what happens...  ;)

Then we will have 2x the flux from the coil.  2x the induced current,  and only 1/2 the input current...  Hummm...

~Russ

Yes, Russ, I want to see that as well. You may keep my coil a longer time!

The basic definition of plasma is the 4th state of matter between a liquid and a gas.

William Alek says he repeated an experiment where two magnets facing each other (opposed repulsion together feild)  was dropped a few floors to the sidewalk. This was timed compared with a rock. The drop time in this antigravity is slower as other 1990s experiments claim. 

Then some gravitational force could also be in what we would call magnetic force if so?   

Random thought...

What we call quantum tunneling or zero point.

Quote

The mix of the two is a neutral form of plasma which might be what atoms are made of. This would make atoms biased in the right way conduct both the electric field and the magnetic.

This implies that the neutral form is timeless since the sign indicates the direction of current flow.

Must be the individual electron plasma state standing still but all matter moves in real space.

Then electrical matter is an inseparable co-variance called electromagnetism.

On second thought could it be in the opposing face magnet drop a claim was made concluding gravity repulsion slowed the
time of the drop (with magnet science as to the forces explained).

Yet could some or most of the result be a special case of magnet matter?

In a copper tube drop the magnet was slower proving magnetism as a force.

There should have been current induced a fair amount in the adjacent copper.

With a drop outside of a vacuum could there be static drag in the atmosphere?
 

Quote from talisman on January 26th, 2018, 05:15 AM

The basic definition of plasma is the 4th state of matter between a liquid and a gas.

William Alek says he repeated an experiment where two magnets facing each other (opposed repulsion together feild)  was dropped a few floors to the sidewalk. This was timed compared with a rock. The drop time in this antigravity is slower as other 1990s experiments claim. 

Then some gravitational force could also be in what we would call magnetic force if so?   

Random thought...

What we call quantum tunneling or zero point.

This implies that the neutral form is timeless since the sign indicates the direction of current flow.

Must be the individual electron plasma state standing still but all matter moves in real space.

Then electrical matter is an inseparable co-variance called electromagnetism.

Yeah Plasma needs to be redefined because it veered away from the namers of the event. If you look up the history of Plasma and who named it, it tells a story of why they named it Plasma. It was named after the plasma in our blood because it was the medium of our blood cells. Interesting right.. Somehow it was subverted to mean a state of matter when in reality it is what matter floats in like the blood cells in our blood.
 Plasma in my mind is the state of space between matter. The state of the medium, which includes density, intensity and flow rate into that space. What you are referring to is a bastardization of the name Plasma and what it really meant.
 Although plasma is inside of matter it's density is different then the environments plasma. The plasma on the outside is what connected everything in the Universe. It's why we can see light from afar and sense magnetic and electric waves. If it wasn't there we would be blind to the Universe. Nothing would transmit or receive or know anything about it's environment. So plasma is not a state of matter it is the state of the space around and between matter.
 As for your second statement on the static drag.. Well I am thinking YES! Matter composes a good amount of the atmosphere. And the plasma has to continue flowing at the same rate. Think a water hose now. What happens when you change the size of the nozzle? The rate of flow wants to be the same down the entire hose yet the nozzle pinches the flow rate and causes pressure to build. The water speed from before the nozzle is slow but has a higher volume. When it comes to the nozzle the water changes the speed of the medium that flows through the hose or transforms the flow rate into additional speed of the medium, in this case it is a fluid. This can be converted to the medium of space and matter as well.
 In general the density of the medium of space around our planet is not sufficient to transmit energy until a certain amount of the medium of space has condensed in that space. This is the break down they observe with higher voltages and air. This of course changes when the air is removed as in the case of a vacuum tube. The tube has nothing but plasma for the most part unless they introduce non reactive matter such as a gas into the tube.

 I hope this makes sense...

 Russ Think about this for a second.

 The magnet outside is like turning a valve with one hand and two fingers. No matter how hard you try it doesn't work so well.. Now try and turn the valve handle with two hands and 2 fingers each hand. It turns easy right? That is exactly what Newman did with the magnet in the center of the coil inside. This is why his motor were so Strong at such a low level of input.
 My question though is this, can we put another coil to the left of the magnet and do the very same thing you are doing with the one coil.
If you listen to the motor as it is it sounds like it is powered half of the cycle and inertia is stripped off of it as it rounds the second half. Why not just duplicate the coil and put it on the other side of the magnet but upside down to the other coil so that as it comes around to the second half of the cycle it will be powered yet again as the first coil is going into harvest mode?
Doing this might strengthen the motor action and strengthen the harvest cycle. What do you think?

Quote from sonnet on January 22nd, 2018, 04:26 PM

John needs to give us more proof of a Dark mode of plasma, because his hypothesis falls flatish if we don't have plasma all around us. i.e. its state is not meant to exist on the earths surface in natural form of ions and electrons.

The Quantum Vacuum is a cold plasma. It permeates the universe. It is that energy which was converted from matter in stars, expelled out into the universe and entropied. It is the 'fabric' of space-time.

It is this energy which is the reason why space has an average temperature of 2.74K, rather than absolute zero. There are several phenomenon which are attributed to the energy of the Quantum Vacuum... the Casimir Effect, Lamb Shift, quantization and hence quantum mechanics itself, gravity, the speed of light, and even the stability of matter itself via vacuum polarization in the nucleus of every atom in the universe. In fact, the Quantum Vacuum is now being investigated as to whether it is that long-sought "dark energy".

Think of a star as a hot plasma (remember, a star doesn't have a "surface" (except for neutron stars, which do)... its density just decreases exponentially with increasing distance above the photosphere... one might say the sun extends out to the edge of its solar wind (the heliopause, where the Voyager spacecraft currently are), if one were to push the point... we see an 'optical surface', not a physical one).

It converts matter to energy and expels that energy. Eventually that energy entropies until it is indistinguishable from the rest of the energy in the Quantum Vacuum. Thus, there is a constant stream of energy being supplied to the Quantum Vacuum Zero Point Energy field.

Thus the field radiation pressure of the Quantum Vacuum would constantly increase if there were no release of that field radiation pressure. The universe has two options to release that pressure... either concretize matter, or expand. Right now, energy levels are too low (in most places in the universe) to concretize matter (as happened early in the universe, which is where all the matter originally came from), so the universe expands.

Want to know why the great majority of the mass of matter in the universe is in the form of hydrogen? It's because when universal energy levels were high enough to concretize matter, hydrogen was the least-energetically-costly element to make, so most of the energy went into making hydrogen.

That hydrogen eventually gravitationally aggregated sufficiently to start fusion, and the stars fused all elements up to iron. When some of the larger stars burned out and went supernova, they fused elements up to approximately Osmium and Iridium. Some of those supernovas turned into neutron stars, some of them turned into black holes. When those neutron stars and black holes collided, they also threw off a lot of matter, fusing some of it into the heavier elements.

There is a slight amount of matter concretization nowadays, but it acts in reverse of how you would think... it's not from matter popping into existence due to high quantum vacuum field radiation pressure, it's from the massive negative gravitational potential converting energy captured and pulled inside the event horizon of black holes, which is concretized into an unimaginably dense superfluid.

Astrophysicists have also found a few places in the universe where energy levels are so high that pair production occurs, but that's generally in the vicinity of a magnetar.

Because part of the Quantum Vacuum frequency is above the plasma frequency, and because the Quantum Vacuum is that universe-permeating medium which sets the speed of light (just as a pane of glass sets the speed of light through that glass), the higher-frequency component of the quantum vacuum experiences a negative index of refraction, which allows that radiation to experience speeds higher than c. This is the reason why the universe can expand faster than the speed of light.

Quote from Cycle on January 26th, 2018, 10:31 AM

The Quantum Vacuum is a cold plasma. It permeates the universe. It is that energy which was converted from matter in stars, expelled out into the universe and entropied. It is the 'fabric' of space-time.

It is this energy which is the reason why space has an average temperature of 2.74K, rather than absolute zero. There are several phenomenon which are attributed to the energy of the Quantum Vacuum... the Casimir Effect, Lamb Shift, quantization and hence quantum mechanics itself, gravity, the speed of light, and even the stability of matter itself via vacuum polarization in the nucleus of every atom in the universe. In fact, the Quantum Vacuum is now being investigated as to whether it is that long-sought "dark energy".

Think of a star as a hot plasma. It converts matter to energy and expels that energy. Eventually that energy entropies until it is indistinguishable from the rest of the energy in the Quantum Vacuum. Thus, there is a constant stream of energy being supplied to the Quantum Vacuum Zero Point Energy field.

Thus the field radiation pressure of the Quantum Vacuum would constantly increase if there were no release of that field radiation pressure. The universe has two options to release that pressure... either concretize matter, or expand. Right now, energy levels are too low (in most places in the universe) to concretize matter (as happened early in the universe, which is where all the matter originally came from), so the universe expands.

There is a slight amount of matter concretization, but it acts in reverse of how you would think... it's not from matter popping into existence due to high quantum vacuum field radiation pressure, it's from the massive negative gravitational potential converting energy captured and pulled inside the event horizon of black holes, which is concretized into an unimaginably dense superfluid.

Astrophysicist have also found a few places in the universe where energy levels are so high that pair production occurs, but that's generally in the vicinity of a magnetar.

Because part of the Quantum Vacuum frequency is above the plasma frequency, and because the Quantum Vacuum is that medium which sets the speed of light (just as a pane of glass sets the speed of light through that glass), the higher-frequency component of the quantum vacuum experiences a negative index of refraction, which allows that radiation to experience speeds higher than c. This is the reason why the universe can expand faster than the speed of light.

Converts matter into energy? You mean matter transforms that amount of energy? Matter is not converted into energy. I made that assertion already and it is where Einstein went wrong. E=MC2 is a transformation rule. Energy=Matter*speed of light squared, it doesn't consume matter. It's a transformation rule. Somehow it too was bastardized into this crazy notion that matter can be consumed. This goes along the same lines as Russ's theory on the load doesn't consume the energy. It's like a paddle wheel in a river. That doesn't consume the water it only transforms the momentumof the water flowing by into energy, be it mechanical or even converted to energy from mechanical for other uses.

 On the plasma is everywhere issue. It is everywhere is some density. Around our planet it is rarefied. Meaning more matter displaces the plasma but does not get rid of it. It is always in some density in and around matter. The electron shell could be seen as density changes in the plasma surrounding the atom. With the electron shell being a double layer between the atom and surrounding plasma polarities. Check out what a double layer is and you will start to see what I am talking about.
 As for the inside of an atom well we have never seen that only what a charge pump shows us and that is only the reflections of the charges off of the outer plasma double layer of the atom. We have never seen inside of the atom and unless we can get optics to work of that scale we will never see inside of it. As far as I am concerned it should be a condensed neutral form of plasma. Let me give you a sneak peek of how such action would work.

Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIyTZDHuarQ&t=191s

 Reference to double layer:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_layer_(plasma_physics)

 Did you go back and watch the video I posted from the Electric Universe? Science is changing and it is leaving behind the old thought experiments for real experiments as proof.

reference to plasma physics:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)

Quote from jbignes5 on January 26th, 2018, 10:46 AM

Converts matter into energy? You mean matter transforms that amount of energy? Matter is not converted into energy.

{sigh} Yes, matter can be converted into energy, and energy can be converted into matter. Because matter is a form of energy.

If matter is only "transforming" (your word, not mine) energy, what is it "transforming" that energy into? It's already energy. That's a gaping hole in your pet theory you've got there.

There are two methods... annihilation (with antimatter) and fusion. Fission only releases the binding energy of atoms, but even in a fission reaction, some of that matter is converted into energy... where do you think the EMP comes from in a nuclear explosion? Now answer this... where does the EMP come from in a conventional chemical explosion... no nuclear binding energy was released, and yet we know that Flux Compression Generator bombs work, converting mass into an EMP. I presented the same argument to Ken Wheeler, and he tucked tail and ran. Wouldn't even respond to me. >:D

Perhaps you didn't know that "In all interactions, there is a loss of mass, equal to 1/c² times the amount of energy released." That's ALL interactions. This has been known for more than a century. We knew about nuclear reactions first, because they're more energetic, but the same applies to every energetic interaction.

Please explain where the huge amount of energy expelled from the sun is coming from, if not from matter-to-energy conversion... keeping in mind that physicists tried more than a century ago to account for it via all means chemical, and came to the conclusion that the sun should have already burned out if it was a chemical interaction.

Also keeping in mind that scientists have done photon-photon collisions which resulted in... matter. That's direct conversion from energy into matter, and proof of E² = p²c² + m²c⁴

Chalmers University pulled photons directly from the Quantum Vacuum using a SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). That's proof that the quantum vacuum exists, and proof of E² = p²c² + m²c⁴.

As to your included video, it's referring to Pilot Wave Theory, postulated by Max Born in 1926, expanded upon and presented by Louis de Broglie in 1927. David Bohm picked it up in 1952 and expanded further upon it, and it was thereafter known as the de Broglie-Bohm Pilot Wave Theory.

It just so happens that I subscribe to the de Broglie-Bohm Pilot Wave Theory, as it is deterministic and completely quashes the Copenhagen Interpretation's "shut up and calculate" insanity.

And given that I've studied deeply the de Broglie-Bohm Pilot Wave Theory, I can tell you that you're misinterpreting its premise. :D

As for your Langmuir double sheaths... you might want to learn about magnetic pinch. In metal, the protons cannot flow, so only electrons mediate the current flow. In a plasma, both protons and electrons can move... and in so doing, they exhibit a magnetic field. This magnetic field 'pinches' (in fact, a z-pinch) the current flow in upon itself (the same phenomenon you see in the 'fingers' of arcs coming off a Tesla coil), which results in filaments of current. Because electrons, being lighter than protons, can move faster, the two streams separate. In fact, unless the plasma is in a vacuum, thermal ions can create a third sheath.

I can see your analogy... you're attempting to analogize vacuum polarization with plasmic z-pinch. It works, to some extent. Except the Quantum Vacuum Zero Point Field is a scalar cold plasma of pure energy... no electrons or protons mediate it.

A more accurate analogization would be that of energy gradient around the nucleus.

The transformation is the plasma which is in motion all around matter into matters radiance in all of it's forms like the standing potential of certain matter. Energy is actually the flow of charges through space. The plasma is just a medium. A conductive one at that.

 The real problem here is semantics. I'm saying that plasma has both a different meaning then the traditional teachings and a different mechanism that better explains positive and negative potentials and their movement around matter.

 The thing that i was showing is that the liquid silicon oil allows what they showed. In fact the mechanics behind it are not perfect because matter is spherical and the bed of oil is not. Imagine that droplet surrounded by the oil and that the flow of oil around it wiggles the droplet even though it is surrounded by the oil. That is what the atom is in my opinion.

 We have to break away from the traditional theories, which are just that, Long winded calculations describing nothing but what they want it to describe. It doesn't follow reality and this is the logical fallacies they are showing.

 My ideas on this although close need work but the basic premise has been laid. Eventually I will get to the particulars but for now it explains enough about matter and what it is, that we might be able to sus out a way to take advantage of it. I just haven't had the time to work on it like I need to.. But you can not come into this with preconceived notions about current theories and have to start from scratch.

 I would like to spend more time on it but not in this thread. I feel like it is distracting from Russ's work now on the Newman method...

I tried this out...
Does this make sense?

 If this is correct we have Newman all wrong. He was using the  half loops of the wire in the coil to generate current in unison meaning the effect is additive across the coil like stacking batteries! Each half circle of coil wire generates both positive and negative potential on each end of an imaginary line across the coil. The current sloshes back and forth through the huge coil. To tap the huge coil's current all you need is a second coil that is not in magnetic relation to the tap coil or load coil. If you put the load coil at the axle the magnet shouldn't effect it much and you can induce current away from the run coil as well without slowing the main coil. In fact it might strengthen the run coil due to it's magnetic field link with the load coils magnetic field. If the load coil was a thicker gauge it should work well to raise the current of the output  ad lower the voltage potential through transformer rules. I think it has to be an air core or loose coupling, no cores in this version due to the huge magnets you got....

Russ,

For you and to get everyone on the same page with respect to your recent clip with the magnet and the coil interaction, I think you need to do more tests so you get this properly squared away in your mind.  I am going to use the term "magnetic flux" and if you want to substitute that with "gyroscopic particle flux" that's your choice.

Here it is in a nutshell:

If you point a north pole downwards towards the the top of the coil (the "standard" test) then for increasing north magnetic flux through the coil you will get a positive EMF voltage reading from the coil.   For decreasing north magnetic flux you will get a negative voltage.

If you point a south pole downwards towards the the top of the coil then for increasing south magnetic flux through the coil you will get a negative EMF voltage reading from the coil.   For decreasing south magnetic flux you will get a positive voltage.

That simple rule defines if the coil is going to output a positive or a negative voltage.   So what about the magnitude of the voltage?  The answer to that is that it is the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil with respect to time that determines the magnitude of the voltage.  This is sometimes hard to visualize and needs to be mastered so that you get a handle on various coil waveforms.  This is analogous to being in a car with your eyes closed and you can only feel the acceleration of the car.

The simple test would be to take your small coil and move the magnet past the coil at different speeds.  The faster you move the magnet the higher the voltage because the rate of change of magnetic flux though the coil will be higher.  Then do the same thing but move the magnet higher so that it is further away from the coil.  Doing this will change the amount of flux going through the coil and the rate of change of the flux going through the coil.  The whole time you do this you have to visualize what the magnetic field from the magnet looks like and how much of that magnetic flux is passing through the coil and how it is changing with respect to time.  If you can visualize that properly then when you look at the scope traces you will see how the visualization corresponds to what your scope is telling you.  Then repeat with the larger coil and it should all fall into place and make sense.

Now, the only way to get the coil to output voltage in one direction only would be to have continuously increasing flux flowing through the coil without end.  Clearly that is not possible and eventually the magnetic flux passing through the coil has to decrease, and the moment it starts to decrease, the voltage polarity output from the coil will reverse.

With respect to all of your "oddball" interactions between the magnet and the coil at different orientations goes, the same thing above applies except it gets harder to visualize what the magnetic field looks like passing through the coil, but it can still be done.

Finally, you can break up any coil into its constituent turns.  Each turn is a loop that is in series with every other turn.  All of the individual loops produce an EMF and all of the EMFs are added together.  Each turn is in a slightly different location in space relative to the moving magnet and therefore sees a slightly different amount of total magnetic flux and also a slightly different amount of changing magnetic flux with respect to time.  Therefore each turn will produce a slightly different EMF waveform.  If your coil under test is say one inch long, the loops in the coil that are closer to the moving magnet will be producing more EMF as compared to the loops in the coil that are farther away from the moving magnet.

SS

reference to plasma physics:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)

"plasma does not exist freely on the Earth's surface under normal conditions, and can only be artificially generated by heating or subjecting a neutral gas to a strong electromagnetic field"

contradicts itself a bit by not including lighting

JB your definition says plasma surrounds everything but they don't include that scope on the earths surface.

Yes there are a number of states and conditions they are beginning to categorize.

For basic science they still don't have a table for the ionized gas expansion coefficients at for the various gases and we have to test or calculate this ourselves.