On the tri core Bobbin for injector there is a Diode what diode it is is it a varactor diode

this one we need to revisit part number

DD

Stanley A. Meyer's Voltage Intensifier Circuit (VIC) designs and their components are often discussed in enthusiast circles and alternative energy forums, but definitive specifications for individual components like a diode in an aluminum case are not well-documented in mainstream or peer-reviewed sources. However, based on the general understanding and discussions around Meyer's work, here's an informed analysis:

Diode Type: Given Meyer's focus on high voltage applications for water electrolysis, the diode in question could be either a blocking diode for High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) or a varactor diode, depending on its function within the circuit.
Blocking Diode for HVDC: If the diode is used to prevent reverse current flow in a high-voltage setup, it would likely be a high-voltage rectifier diode. These diodes are designed to handle significant reverse voltages without conducting, which is essential for protecting circuits in high-voltage applications. Common types might include:
Silicon High Voltage Diodes like 1N4007 for lower voltages or something in the range of 1N5408 for higher voltages, but for Meyer's application, something like a 1N5711 or similar high-voltage diode could be used if it's meant to block reverse voltage from the water cell back into the electronics.

Varactor Diode: If the diode's purpose is to adjust capacitance based on applied voltage, which could be used in resonance or tuning circuits, a varactor diode would be appropriate. However, Meyer's circuits are not standard, and he might use varactors in unconventional ways:
Varactor diodes like the BB131 or similar could be used for tuning purposes in RF applications, but in Meyer's case, if we speculate on part numbers, something like BB112 or MV209 might be considered due to their characteristics in high-voltage environments, though this is purely speculative.
Size and Specifications:
HVDC Blocking Diode:
Voltage Rating: Might need to exceed several thousand volts (e.g., 5kV or more) depending on the circuit's purpose.
Current Rating: Could be relatively low since the current through such a circuit in idle or resonant states would be limited, perhaps in the milliampere to low ampere range.
Varactor Diode:
Capacitance Range: Could vary from a few pF to several hundred pF, depending on reverse bias.
Reverse Voltage: Likely in the hundreds of volts to manage the high potentials in Meyer's designs.
Part Number Speculation: Without specific documentation from Meyer or his patents detailing exact components, any part number mentioned is an educated guess:
For high-voltage blocking, consider looking into series like 1N5711 or similar high-voltage rectifier diodes.
For varactor use, part numbers like BB112 or MV209 are speculative but based on characteristics needed for variable capacitance in high-voltage scenarios.

From the period of 1985 to 1996, if we're talking about diodes in metal cases, here are some possibilities, keeping in mind that this is speculative based on the general technology and components available during that timeframe:

High Voltage Diodes in Metal Cases:
1N3765 or 1N3766: These are high-voltage silicon rectifier diodes that were available in metal stud packages. They are rated for reverse voltages up to 1000V or more, which might be suitable for high-voltage applications like those Meyer was working on.
1N5408: While more commonly found in plastic packaging, there were versions in metal cases for higher power applications. This diode has a reverse voltage rating of 1000V and could handle currents up to 3A, suitable for HVDC blocking.
BY127: Another high-voltage diode often found in a metal case, with ratings up to 1250V, used in various high-voltage circuits.

For visual reference, here are some characteristics and what these might look like:

Appearance: Diodes in metal cases from this era would typically have a cylindrical shape with a metal stud at the bottom for heat dissipation and mounting. The body would often be covered with a metal or ceramic cap for electrical insulation, and there would be a lead coming out of the top for the cathode, with the anode being the stud or case itself.
Images:
1N3765/1N3766: These look like a small metal can with a wire coming out of the top, much like an old transistor but with one lead. The metal case would be for heat sinking.
1N5408 in Metal Case: Similar to a bolt with a cylindrical cap, with one lead protruding from the top for the cathode, and the metal case itself would act as the anode.
BY127: Typically, you'd see a metal stud with a cylindrical body and a cap, resembling a bullet with a wire protruding from one end.

Unfortunately, I cannot generate or display images directly here, but you can look up these part numbers online to see photographs or schematics:

Search for "1N3765 diode", "1N5408 metal case diode", or "BY127 diode" in image searches to find visual representations from that era.

70HF160 ; Diode 1600V 70A Cathode Stud, DO-5 Metal Case

https://alhekmh.com/70hf160-diode-1600v-70a-cathode-stud-do-5-metal-case/

This Stud Type was mounted inside the aluminum Round vic bobbin box

this was likely just blocking diode but it is very possible it was used in a Varactor way with CDI  in Series
to Achieve a Auto Resonance.

Daniel Donatelli
Secure Supplies Group

 MACOM's Varactor Diodes: MACOM makes varactor diodes in various packages, including high-voltage options. Although they don't make stud-mount varactors, they offer high-frequency, high-voltage varactors in ceramic packages that could be adapted or used with additional cooling or in a less demanding current environment. You might look at something like the MA46H070-1056, which has a high reverse voltage capability, but remember, this is not for the high currents of the 70HF160.
Silicon Abrupt Junction Varactors: These can handle higher voltages than typical varactors but are still not designed for high current. An example might be the MV209, which can handle up to 30V reverse voltage, but this is far less than 1600V needed for direct replacement.
Custom or Hybrid Solution: Since standard varactors don't match the specs of the 70HF160, a custom solution might involve using a high-voltage varactor in parallel with a high-voltage blocking diode or integrating varactor functionality into a circuit where the varactor isn't exposed to the full current or voltage of the system. This could mean using the varactor to fine-tune a resonant circuit while the main blocking is done by a separate, high-power diode.
Application Considerations:
Gated PWM Signal: For tuning with a gated PWM signal from a TDC (Transformer-Diode-Capacitor) setup to a water capacitor, you would need to ensure the varactor can handle the peak voltages and frequencies involved. This setup is unconventional, and you'd be looking for a diode where the capacitance changes with the PWM signal to adjust resonance.
Safety and Practicality: The combination of high voltage, high current, and water (assuming this is related to Voltrolysis or similar) introduces significant safety concerns. Ensure any component choice or modification is done with safety in mind, possibly consulting with professionals in high-voltage electronics.

Given these points, there isn't a direct off-the-shelf varactor diode that matches the 70HF160's specs while also providing varactor functionality. You might need to design around this limitation by using:

A high-voltage blocking diode for current and voltage handling.
A separate, lower power varactor for tuning, possibly with protective circuitry to manage the voltage and current.

Voltrolysis Considerations: If voltrolysis involves different principles from traditional electrolysis, you might be dealing with higher frequencies, different pulse characteristics, or resonant circuits to optimize the process. Here's how we can adapt:
High Voltage Blocking: For voltrolysis, you still need to protect circuits from high voltages, so a diode like the 70HF160 or similar could be used for this purpose. Its high voltage and current ratings make it suitable for blocking reverse current in high-voltage applications.
Resonance Tuning: If resonance is key to voltrolysis, then:
Varactor Diode for Tuning: Although not in a stud package, you could look at varactor diodes like the MA46H070 from MACOM or similar high-voltage varactors for tuning. However, these would not handle the same current as the 70HF160.
Circuit Design: You might design the circuit so the varactor is used in a lower-current part of the circuit for tuning, while the high-current path uses a diode like the 70HF160. This could involve:
Parallel Varactor Setup: Use a varactor in parallel with a primary blocking diode but in a position where it sees only a fraction of the total current or voltage for tuning purposes.
Frequency Control: The varactor could adjust the resonant frequency of an LC circuit used in voltrolysis, perhaps by altering the capacitance in response to the PWM signal from your TDC transformer.
Protection and Isolation: Implement protection circuits or isolation transformers to ensure the varactor isn't directly exposed to the full brunt of the system's voltage or current.
Speculative Components for Voltrolysis:
Blocking Diode: 70HF160 or similar high-voltage, high-current diodes for protection.
Tuning Varactor: Look into high-voltage varactors like the MA46H070 for tuning, though they won't match the current handling of the 70HF160.


https://www.digikey.com.au/en/products/detail/macom-technology-solutions/MA46H070-1056/4429514

  Drawing for Reference 
Comments and Improvement suggestions welcomed

Diode from Vic Bobbin should be Reverse Bias, To determine a reverse bias equivalent to the 70HF160 diode, we need to look for a diode that has similar specifications but with a reverse polarity, meaning the anode would be the case instead of the cathode.

The 70HF160 diode is specified as follows:
Voltage: 1600V (Peak Reverse Voltage)
Current: 70A (Maximum Continuous Forward Current)
Package: DO-5 (Metal Stud Case)
Polarity: Cathode to Stud

In the specifications provided, we find another diode mentioned in a similar context but with different polarity:
VISHAY VS-70HFR160: This diode has the same electrical specifications (1600V, 70A) but is designed with the anode connected to the stud, making it a reverse polarity version suitable for applications where the cathode needs to be the lead not connected to the case. This diode would be the direct reverse bias equivalent for applications where you need the anode to be the case or stud.

Key Points for Consideration:

Polarity: The VS-70HFR160 has its anode connected to the stud, which is the opposite of the 70HF160. This is crucial for applications where the reverse polarity is required.
Package: Both diodes come in the DO-5 metal case, which is a stud-mounted package commonly used in high power applications for its excellent thermal performance and ease of mounting.
Voltage and Current Ratings: The ratings are identical, ensuring that the VS-70HFR160 can handle the same voltage and current as the 70HF160, making it electrically compatible for the same circuit requirements but with reversed polarity.
Application: When choosing between these diodes, consider the circuit's ground reference and polarity requirements. If your circuit requires the anode to be grounded or connected to a specific potential, the VS-70HFR160 would be the correct choice.

Conclusion:

The VS-70HFR160 from Vishay is essentially the reverse bias equivalent to the 70HF160 diode you mentioned. It's designed for applications with the opposite polarity requirement, where the anode is stud-mounted instead of the cathode. This makes it suitable for scenarios where circuit design demands a diode with the anode at ground or a different potential than the cathode. Always ensure to verify the specific application requirements to choose the correct diode polarity.

Nano Bubble Water Fuel Ignition Diodes
 "In the provided circuit diagram for a DC positive grounded engine with a negative spark, the top diode is indeed oriented in such a way that it would be reverse-biased if a negative DC voltage is applied to its anode from the left going to the right towards the spark plug center electrode (spark gap). This orientation, under normal conditions with a standard diode, would block current flow as it has a positive voltage on the left of the diode (anode) and a negative voltage on the right of the diode (cathode).

However, in our positive ground engine ignition with dc design, the application requires current flow in this left to right direction for the negative spike, and the top diode acts as a one-way blocking mechanism in the reverse direction. This diode is not a standard diode but a reverse-biased diode, specifically like a Zener diode or similar, which allows current to flow in the reverse direction under certain conditions, making the circuit's operation different from standard forward-biased diode applications."

This explanation clarifies that:
The diode's orientation in a standard setup would block reverse current.
Your design uses a special diode (like a Zener) that allows current flow in the reverse direction under specific conditions.
This setup is for a positive ground engine where the ignition involves a DC negative spike, which goes through the top diode from left to right.

This should provide a clearer understanding of your circuit's unique functionality and the role of the diode in question. and how it is slightly different from other 2 diodes shown   For applications requiring high voltage DC diodes, similar to MUR diodes, which are often used in high voltage settings, there are several manufacturers and part numbers you could consider:

Vishay offers high voltage diodes that could be suitable for your needs. Vishay is known for its comprehensive range of semiconductor components, including high voltage diodes. For instance, their HV series diodes can handle high voltages and are often used in rectification circuits for high voltage applications.

Infineon Technologies AG has introduced the CoolSiC Schottky diode 2000 V G5, which is the market's first discrete silicon carbide diode with a breakdown voltage of 2000 V. This type of diode is designed for devices with DC link voltages up to 1500 VDC, making it suitable for high voltage DC applications like solar and EV charging systems. The diode's specifications include current ratings from 10 to 80 A, which might overlap with or exceed the capabilities of standard MUR diodes in certain applications.

Dean Technology (now part of HVCAP) supplies high voltage diodes that could serve as alternatives to MUR diodes for HV applications. They provide diodes ranging from 10kV to 30kV, which are often used in specialized high voltage applications like X-ray machines, aerospace, and military equipment.

Voltage Multipliers Inc. (VMI) offers a range of high voltage diodes that are MIL qualified, indicating their reliability and suitability for high-voltage applications. Their diodes range from 2kV to 20kV, with options for axial-lead

For high voltage applications like 12000V DC, you would need diodes specifically rated for such high voltages. Here are some options based on the information available:

SL1200 High Voltage Diode: This diode is specifically mentioned as having a peak reverse voltage of 12,000V, making it suitable for applications requiring high voltage handling up to this level.

Littelfuse High Voltage Diodes: They offer diodes in the ≥2000V range, which might be suitable if you can find a model within this range that meets or exceeds 12,000V or can be configured in series or other configurations to achieve the desired voltage rating.

Voltage Multipliers Inc. (VMI): They provide a range of high voltage diodes, with options going up to 20kV. This would cover your need for 12,000V, and you might find models within this range that

Making MORE DIODES FOR HIGH VOLTAGE  BLOCKING 

To increase the blocking voltage rating of diodes from 1200 V, you should connect the diodes in series. This method increases the overall voltage handling capability of the diode string because each diode in series will share the voltage drop across it, effectively dividing the total voltage across multiple diodes.

Here's why series connection is preferred over parallel for increasing voltage rating:

Series Connection: When diodes are connected in series, the voltage across the combination is the sum of the voltages across each individual diode. This means if you have three diodes each rated at 1200 V, the total blocking voltage could theoretically be up to 3600 V (assuming perfect voltage sharing). However, practical considerations like leakage current and the need for voltage sharing resistors might affect this ideal scenario.
Parallel Connection: Parallel connections of diodes are primarily used to increase current handling capability, not voltage rating. Each diode in parallel would still only handle 1200 V, but they would share the current load.



Important Considerations for Series Diode Configuration:

Voltage Sharing: In a series configuration, especially at high voltages, you need to ensure that the voltage is evenly distributed across each diode. Due to manufacturing tolerances, not all diodes will share the voltage equally, which could lead to one diode handling more voltage than it's rated for, potentially leading to failure.
Solution: Use voltage sharing resistors or capacitors across each diode to ensure that the voltage drop across each diode is nearly the same. These components help in distributing the voltage more evenly among the series-connected diodes.
Leakage Current: At high voltages, even the small leakage current of diodes can become significant. This current can cause uneven voltage distribution across the diodes.
Solution: Selecting diodes with lower leakage current ratings or adding resistors can help mitigate this issue.
Temperature Effects: The thermal characteristics of diodes can affect their forward voltage drop, which in turn influences how voltage is shared among them.
Solution: Use diodes with similar thermal characteristics, or consider adding thermal management solutions like heatsinks or thermal compounds if operating at high currents or temperatures.
Reverse Recovery Time: When switching high voltage, the reverse recovery time of diodes becomes crucial. Diodes with fast recovery times are often preferred in high-frequency or high-voltage applications to minimize power loss and prevent voltage spikes.
Snubber Circuits: For high voltage applications, especially where switching is involved, using snubber circuits can protect the diodes from voltage spikes caused by inductive loads.

Practical Example:

If you're using three 1200 V diodes in series, you might connect a resistor (e.g., 10kΩ to 100kΩ) across each diode to help with voltage sharing. This setup ensures that if one diode starts to take more voltage, the resistor across it will limit this by allowing more current to flow through it, thus balancing the voltage across all diodes.

Conclusion:

Series connection of diodes is the way to go for increasing the blocking voltage rating. However, ensure to account for voltage sharing and other practical considerations to maintain reliability and prevent failure in high voltage applications. Always consult the datasheets for specific diode characteristics and consider testing your configuration under realistic conditions before full deployment in critical applications.

Document
Summary of this

  POSTING THIS CHART

Notes on columns & methodology
Peak voltages and energies are typical industry ranges; I used midpoints where practical.

VIC numbers are derived from your posted bobbin sheet (Vs ≈ 356 V, Q ≈ 144 → ideal V_peak ≈ 51 kV) and our earlier energy calc using primary inductance and currents you supplied (Ip ≈ 0.27 A → ~2 mJ; Ip_max ≈ 2.2 A → ~150 mJ). Real operating values will be lower because of losses, coupling, gap load, and MOSFET drive limitations.

Percent voltage compares typical open-circuit peaks directly to the 30 kV baseline. Real loaded gap voltages are usually lower.
Voltage score mapping: linear scale 0–10 mapped to 0–60 kV approximate. (30 kV baseline → 5/10). This is a comparative visualization, not a measured metric.

Goal fit score measures how well each system fits your specific VIC / nano-bubble water fuel goals: resonant voltage control, adjustable amplitude, safe waveform shaping, and ability to drive chokes & tuned secondaries. That scoring rewards tunability and resonance capability.

Interpretation — what this table tells a builder
VIC stands out for peak open-circuit voltage and tunability. If your goal is to create resonant HV pulses and explore waveform shaping (for dissociation / nano-bubble interactions), VIC is the most flexible and highest-voltage option. That’s why it scores high for the goals you described.

Energy is king for usable sparks. High open-circuit voltage alone doesn’t guarantee a strong spark — the stored energy (0.5·L·I²) and transfer efficiency determine how much energy the spark receives. Conventional coils and some high-energy hybrids routinely deliver comparable energy (tens to hundreds of mJ) without the complexity of resonant tuning.

CDI is great for fast, high-voltage strikes but low energy. CDI’s very fast rise time is excellent for igniting lean mixtures or ionization but, because the pulse is short, CDI can have lower delivered energy than an inductive coil unless specially designed.

COP gives great per-cylinder control with moderate voltage & energy. It’s the closest mainstream match for precise timing and per-cyl control — useful if you want ECU-grade timing without a complex resonant stage.

VIC integration costs complexity & safety. The VIC is powerful but requires:

Proper MOSFET gate drivers, snubbers, and current sensing,
Careful timing (drive the primary to energize the tank before gap conduction),

HV isolation & insulation, and

Bench tuning (sweep frequency/duty to maximize energy transfer without core saturation).
Quick actionable recommendations for the builder (based on comparison)

If your goal is maximum tunable HV for resonant water dissociation, proceed with VIC but prioritize primary current capacity (higher Ip raises stored energy dramatically), add robust gate drivers and snubbers, and design for core cooling and safety.

If your goal is robust, repeatable spark energy for ignition-like events with simpler integration, a high-energy CDI or a hybrid (inductive + CDI) may be easier to implement and tune.

For precise timing and ECU integration, use COP or dedicated coils with the Teensy/DropBear driving them — then use a separate VIC module for experiments that don’t require millisecond-level ignition timing.

For isolation of multiple outputs, avoid cheap HV diodes unless they’re rated for kV pulses; prefer separate secondary taps or dedicated per-plug secondaries.

hi

  There is now a New Type of Technology called Graphene coated wire it has nearly double performance over stainless steels coated,

this changes game for VIC's  I will post shortly here the results of specifications

God Speed Every One

Dan