Update 2: YouTube video with an explanation of the theory presented here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZf0yhe4B80

Update: A short overview of what is presented in this thread:

What Prof. Turtur did is that he showed that the electric field, which is emitted by charge carriers, is an energy source, because the charge carriers that emit the electric field convert energy from the vacuum into electric field energy.

It has been known for a very long time that the electric field propagates (travels) at the speed of light, which means it is not a "static" force. Normally, when you work with electricity, you do not really concern yourself with the behavior of the electric field you are working with. And because the law of conservation of energy is such a basic law, no one gives much thought about the fact that a "charged" object DOES radiate energy in the shape of what is called a "static" electric field. Until Prof. Turtur.

Now a dielectric is a material that can be polarized:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric

Quote

A dielectric is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.

So, a dielectric can be polarized using an electric field. This effect is used in capacitors, whereby a dielectric is placed in between metal plates. When you charge the plates, the dielectric gets polarized and when you discharge the capacitor, the polarization also is undone.
However, a dielectric *can* be kept in this polarization state for quite a long time. An interesting demonstration hereof is this YouTube video:

/watch?v=9ckpQW9sdUg

And besides that, when discharging a capacitor very fast, the dielectric cannot keep up de-polarizing and an effect known as "dielectric relaxation" occurs:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric#Dielectric_relaxation

Quote

Dielectric relaxation is the momentary delay (or lag) in the dielectric constant of a material. This is usually caused by the delay in molecular polarization[disambiguation needed] with respect to a changing electric field in a dielectric medium (e.g. inside capacitors or between two large conducting surfaces). Dielectric relaxation in changing electric fields could be considered analogous to hysteresis in changing magnetic fields (for inductors or transformers).

When you charge any normal electrolytic capacitor to, say 10 V, and then briefly shortcut it, the capacitor will afterwards recharge itself to about 10% of the originally applied voltage due to this effect.

So what we got is a material that can be polarized and thus creates an electric field, and this effect can last a considerable time period under the right circumstances. It is possible to create materials which are permanently polarized, which are called electrets. These materials are a/o used in electret microphones:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electret

Quote

Electret (formed of elektr- from "electricity" and -et from "magnet") is a dielectric material that has a quasi-permanent electric charge or dipole polarisation. An electret generates internal and external electric fields, and is the electrostatic equivalent of a permanent magnet. Oliver Heaviside coined this term in 1885.

So, the electric field which is made available by an electret or polarized dielectric contains energy. Energy that must come from somewhere. Now what Prof. Turtur has shown is that this energy is being converted by the atoms/molecules in the dielectric from energy available in the vacuum / zero point field / aether / or whatever name you prefer.
In other words: a polarized dielectric (electret) IS an energy source from a practical point of view.

Now when you put a polarized dielectric in water, as is done in an electrolytic capacitor, the electric field created by the dielectric extends into the water. Now when you polarize the very thin dielectric layer in a electrolytic capacitor very strongly, it is possible to create such a strong electric field in a very tiny area around the dielectric that the field exceeds the dielectric breakdown strength of water, and you get "dielectric breakdown":

http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/panorama/physics/dla/DBM/DBM.html

Quote

Dielectric breakdown refers to the formation of electrically conducting regions in an insulating material exposed to a strong electric field. For example, the intense electric fields during thunderstorms can produce a conducting path in the air along which many electrons flow (lightning).

So, what happens then is that because of the very strong electric field, electrons are ripped of their molecules and thus ionization occurs. This is what is called a "plasma", and you get tiny sparks in your dielectric, in this case water.

In this situation, the very same reactions that normally occur with "electrolysis" - requiring external power by means of an electric current - now also occur within the fluid, *but* they are powered by the electric field, without any external current being fed into the capacitor, although *some* current is needed to "charge" the capacitor in order to polarize the dielectric.

And the trick to create a much stronger polarized dielectric layer than normal is to "charge" the capacitor with sudden high voltage spikes. That creates momentarily a very strong electric field over the dielectric and thus polarizes it very strongly. That is the essence of what John Bedini's chargers do.

This way, we can produce H2 / O2 gas, a usable fuel, while we extract the energy for the production of the fuel out of the aether (the name I prefer). So, we extract a lot of energy from the aether, while we only have to invest a small amount of current in order to get that energy, namely the current needed to "charge" the capacitor and polarize the dielectric.

Now since the amount of energy we acquire that way in the shape of a usable fuel is much bigger than the amount of energy we have to spent in order to get that energy, we get a system with a COP > 1 (Coefficient Of Performance), the same principle as being used in a/o geothermal heatpumps:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump

YOU spend a small amount of energy in order to extract a large amount of energy for free from a known energy source.

So, that is the essence. For practical application, quite a lot of details must be filled in, such as the choice of metal and electrolyte and the need for acoustic resonance in order to keep the fluid in sufficient movement. However, all that are practical considerations which are completely engineerable by a team of electrical engineers, mechanical engineers and chemists.



----------------------------


Hi all,

Agnar Kill said this to me on facebook:

Quote

hi Arend, read a comment you made at energetics forum, you said.. ''you could come up with a system that feeds "spikes" to the cap in order to maintain that non-permanent electret effect for a prolonged period of time, while only taking a minimal amount of energy to maintain the electret.'' this in a thread about Noelectrolysis water split..

Some time ago, I posted some ideas on the energetic forum about the electret effect, an observed effect that may very well be the key to understanding Meyer's technology.

There's a section on "the electret effect" in my article at PES, where there are links to the EF discussion, and at the bottom there is a link to a bedini video and some other material on what happens on the plates of the batteries:

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Article:Free_Electric_Energy_in_Theory_and_Practice#The_Electret_Effect

Bedini says something changes on his battery plates, and I think what happens is that a dielectric layer is grown, much like what happens in an electrolytic capacitor, especially the ones they made in the old days.

See: http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/SparkBangBuzz/varelec-el.htm and http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/SparkBangBuzz/borax-el.htm

I'm pretty sure this is the key to understanding Meyer's technology.

Will re-post some comments I made on the NPA_Dissidents Yahoo group on the matter.




NPA group extract 1:

Prof. Claus Turtur wrote an interesting piece, wherein he shows that the propagating electric (and magnetic) fields loose energy (to the vacuum), while apparently the particles (electrons, atom nuclieï, etc) that emit these fields draw energy from somewhere, since they don't loose mass. He came up with the idea that there is a circulation of energy between the vacuum and these particles and therefore you can in principle tap the energy emitted by particles in the shape of electro-magnetic fields:

http://www.wbabin.net/physics/turtur1e.pdf

When you accept the propagating EM fields to transport energy and you accept particles to somehow draw energy from the vacuum, which they emit in the shape of "static" electro-magnetic fields, then you have a foundation for building devices which draw their energy from the vacuum.

I believe Stan Meyer did this by creating a thin, semi-permanent polarized dielectric layer on his fuell cell tubes, which would be akin to an electret, just as happens in a normal electrolytic capacitor. Because these layers are very thin, it apparently is possible to induce a very strong electric field in a thin area inside the water around the dielectric, such that the field strength exceeds the dielectric breakdown fieldstrength of water, which then apparently splits into hydrogen and oxygen.

So, then you have a polarized dielectric which is, according to Turtur, capable of pulling in energy from the vacuum and convert that to electric field energy. And then this energy is converted into a usable fuel by having it split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

At least, that's my theory in a nutshell.  :)
Extract 2:

>
> >I believe Stan Meyer did this by creating a thin, semi-permanent polarized dielectric layer on his fuell cell tubes, which would be akin to an electret, just as happens in a normal electrolytic capacitor. Because these layers are very thin, it apparently is possible to induce a very strong electric field in a thin area inside the water around the dielectric, such that the field strength exceeds the dielectric breakdown fieldstrength of water, which then apparently splits into hydrogen and oxygen.
>
>
> Stan Meyer . Was the energy output greater than the energy input without being clouded in smoke and mirrors . The input is water and the result of hydrogen / oxygen combustion is water . The writing in on the wall . The conservation of energy is a founding principle of physics that has stood the test of time . Mr Meyer seems to be a nice guy . I do not mean to be unkind however after watching his video I must conclude he is psychologically delusional believing god has given him a mission . It is sad to watch considering he has a bright mind and could have made fine contributions if life had dealt different cards.
>
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd7QL1-NnlU
>

Yes, of course the conservation of energy is a founding principle of physics that cannot be overcome!

However, when you are capable of using an energy source that is already available, like for example light waves coming from the sun, then there is no breaking of energy conservation, while you still are able to get more energy out of the system than the energy you need to put in in order to get it. It is the exact same principle as using a solar-cell.

A better example is a Geothermal heat-pump.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump

"Like a refrigerator or air conditioner, these systems use a heat pump to force the transfer of heat from the ground. [...] The geothermal pump systems reach fairly high Coefficient of performance (CoP), 3-6, on the coldest of winter nights, compared to 1.75-2.5 for air-source heat pumps on cool days. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) are among the most energy efficient technologies for providing HVAC and water heating."

You need to spend a certain amount of energy to pump water down into the ground, etc., which is heated by the ground, an energy source that is available for free. The trick is that you spend less energy pumping the water down than the energy you obtain in the shape of heat which is extracted from the Earth, and thus you can obtain a COP > 1, meaning more energy out than in.

All right. Now the thesis of Prof. Turtur is that the "static" electric and magnetic field which are emitted by charge carriers contains/transports energy, energy which is somehow obtained by these charged particles from the environment whatever you may want to call it (zero-point energy, quantum fluctuations, Dirac Sea, whatever). In other words: particles extract energy from somewhere and make it available as a/o "static" electric field energy *without* breaking the law of energy conservation.

The question then becomes: how can we make use of this energy, just like we can use the wind to power a windmill or the sun's light to power a solar cell?

I believe one answer to that question is to use a polarized dielectric which creates a strong enough electric field that can break water into hydrogen and oxygen, whereby the dielectric transfers energy from the vacuum into the electric field it emits.

In other words: the idea is to use energy that is naturally extracted for free from the environment / vacuum / aether by a polarized dielectric in order to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, whereby you essentially convert some form of available energy into another, the latter being a useable fuel in the shape of hydrogen / ogygen gas.

For more details, see:

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Article:Free_Electric_Energy_in_Theory_and_Practice#The_Electret_Effect
http://www.energeticforum.com/water-fuel/5590-basic-electrolysis-13.html#post102858

"Of course, this may not be the only phenomenon observed, but one thing is certain: Bedini's batteries do "cold boil" *after* the power has been shut of. In other words: there is at least one known way to split water into hydrogen and oxygen that can last long after any power has been fed into the system. The only way I see to explain that is that a (non permanent) electret layer has been formed on the plates inside the batteries, which is basically a polarised insulating layer."
Extract 3:

Let's first get one thing straight we agree on:

One cannot break the fundamental law of conservation of energy.

But, you can have "free energy" in the sense that you can extract energy out of some energy source you don't have to pay for in terms of dollars. There are numerous examples of this, like solar power, wind power, water power (Hoover's dam), Geothermal power, etc., etc. These are all accepted forms of free energy in my view which are commercially available and thus beyond the prototype stage already. I don't think there is any discussion about that either, so to me it is clear that you *can* have free energy without breaking the conservation of energy. It's just a matter of finding an energy source that is available for free.
Now of course the proof of the pudding is in the eating, but you can't make a good pudding without having a good recipe. So, if we want to build another kind of free energy devices, we will first have to identify a usable energy source and then figure out a way how to utilize it.
The first step towards that goal is the identification of a possible energy source and since it is well accepted that the static electric field stores/transports energy, it clearly is a candidate for such an energy source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field#Energy_in_the_electric_field

"The electrostatic field stores energy. The energy density u (energy per unit volume) is given by ..."

Now since charged particles emit an electro"static" field, which propagates at the speed of light, it is clear that charged particles emit energy which is transported by the electric field into space.

Energy that must come from somewhere, because otherwise there would be a violation of conservation of energy. It is therefore obvious that charged particles are somehow extracting energy from their environment which they convert into "static" electric field energy. Prof. Turtur's thesis explains how this works, but the bottomline is that charged particles emit energy, energy that can (potentially) be utilized for free.

It's really just like wind or water power, just a matter of *conversion* of energy from one form into another. With wind or water power, one usually converts mechanical energy into electric energy using a generator. In this case, we need to convert electro-"static" energy into some usable form. So, all we need to do is find a way *how* to do this.

From this patent, it is clear that one can split water into hydrogen and oxygen using a sufficiently strong electric field:

http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Eccles%20-%20Fracture%20Cell%20Apparatus%20-%20GB%202.324.307A.pdf

Now in this patent, they use like 25 kV over like 5 mm (or 5 MV/m) in order to induce a field with sufficient strength into the water. However, if you use an electrolytic capacitor whereby the ions inside your fluid form one of the capacitor plates, you have a very small plate distance:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor

"Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate."

http://www.ami.ac.uk/courses/topics/0136_ec/
"A number of metals, such as tantalum, aluminium, niobium, zirconium and zinc, can be coated with an oxide film by electrochemical means.

By placing the metal in an appropriate solution and passing a current though the circuit, a thin layer of oxide forms on the anode. [...] What we have done is to produce an oxide that will ‘withstand’ the applied forming voltage, and will not grow and grow as rust does. This oxide film can be extremely thin1 (typically less than 1µm) as well as having a acceptably high dielectric constant. "

In other words, one can achieve the required field strength of about 5 MV/m inside a typical electrolytic capacitor by applying 5 MV * 1 µm = 5 V of potential across the terminals. And actually, unintended electrolysis is a well known problem with electrolytic capacitors, even today:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague

"The situation of unimpeded formation of hydroxide (hydration) and associated *hydrogen* *gas* *production* occurred during "capacitor plague" or "bad capacitors" incidents involving the failure of large numbers of aluminum electrolytic capacitors. [...] Because it has been customary in electrolytic capacitors to *bind* the *excess* *hydrogen* with the help of reducing or depolarizing compounds to reduce the resulting pressure, the researchers then searched for compounds of this type."

So, therefore, I believe we have all the ingredients for our free energy pudding recipe right in front of our eyes.

To sum this up, what I am saying is:

1. I agree that the law of conservation of energy is a fundamental law which cannot be broken.

2. I disagree that you cannot make free energy devices, because one can utilize an energy source that is freely available, such as wind, water or sunlight.

3. Theoretically, any available energy source can be utilized.

4. It is well accepted that the electric field stores/contains energy.

5. It is well accepted that charge carriers emit electric fields and thus emit energy, which can thus in principle be utilized, all without violation of conservation of energy.

6. There is a patent which claims that a strong electric field can be utilized to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

7. It is well known that electrolytic capacitors release hydrogen gas, which normally is unintended and creates a problem which takes quite a lot of effort to overcome.

Now you can argue that steps 5 - 7 is not what causes electrolytic capacitors to release hydrogen gas and that some other mechanism is responsible for that. I don't think so, but one cannot entirely rule out the possibility.

Other than that, I think this is a nice recipe for some kick-ass pudding, and I believe the prototype you were asking for has been built by Stanley Meyer and can thus be replicated using the principles stated just above. However, I do agree that the prove of the pudding is in the eating, so we will not know for sure before someone actually succeeds in building something like this.

I do intend to experiment with this stuff at some point in the future, wherein I intend to use this recipe for making DIY electrolytic capacitors:

http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/SparkBangBuzz/varelec-el.htm
http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/SparkBangBuzz/borax-el.htm

However, at this moment I do not have the time to do so, because I amworking on another project:

http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/9727-who-performs-first-longitudinal-moon-bounce-history-6.html#post230353

Welcome aboard lamare and thank you for the relevant and thoughtful post.

Some experimenters here have touched on the water capacitor concept, but to date I know of no one that has successfully produced large quantities of HHO from such a device without exceeding Faraday's constant.  I would be happy to be wrong; if so, please do correct me.

Looking at electrolysis from a rather naive view, it appears two things are important for quantity production of HHO:  Current flow and surface area.

As I've stated on this forum before I feel what we lack is true understanding of what we call electrolysis.  At a subatomic particle level, I'm not confident that we know the fundamental workings of even simple brute force electrolysis.  And until we do, figuring out a way to improve its COP will remain allusive.

I also think what plagues our development is not having a good working prototype to evaluate.  We have lots of patents, ideas and test fixtures, but nothing concrete that clearly demonstrates a process in action.  This leads to skepticism and rightfully so.  There is a lot of hoaxed material out in the wild.  I know first hand having spent many hours and resources replicating a couple of them, only to find out the results fall orders of magnitude short of what was claimed.  This is an unfortunate artifact of our Internet free-for-all and requires an unanticipated level of discernment many researchers lack, me included.

We look forward to you bringing something to the table that will boost our level of understanding and confidence.  Please do feel free to start a thread in our projects section when you are ready to begin building.

Quote

Some experimenters here have touched on the water capacitor concept, but to date I know of no one that has successfully produced large quantities of HHO from such a device without exceeding Faraday's constant. I would be happy to be wrong; if so, please do correct me.

Looking at electrolysis from a rather naive view, it appears two things are important for quantity production of HHO: Current flow and surface area.

As I've stated on this forum before I feel what we lack is true understanding of what we call electrolysis. At a subatomic particle level, I'm not confident that we know the fundamental workings of even simple brute force electrolysis. And until we do, figuring out a way to improve its COP will remain allusive.

John Bedini reported that his batteries were "coild boiling" (i.e. produce H2 / O2 gas) for up to half an hour *after* he shut the power off, an unwanted effect in his case, but IMHO an example of producing HHO(*) without feeding current to the cell.

What is important to realize is that you do not necessarily need the current to flow from the outside into the fluid, you *can* have a current flowing within the fluid itself, without having it also flowing trough your terminals.

The way to accomplish that is to have a strong enough electric field present within the fluid, such that it rips of some of the electrons of some of the atoms, thus freeing them. The required field strength to do that is known as "dielectric breakdown", since (pure) water is also a dielectric.

Posted some on that on the EF a while ago:
http://www.energeticforum.com/107700-post25.html

Quote

For water, this happens when field strengths in the order of 30 MV/m, or 30 kV/mm, or 3 kV/ 0.1mm are reached.

http://www.energeticforum.com/107754-post32.html

Quote

Geven the electric strength of pure water, 30 kV/mm, it is clear the required field strength is achievable with capacitor plates placed at a distance of 1 mm. When you are talking about the thin dielectric films used in electrolytic capacitors which are in the order of a few micrometer, you already come within the required range with something in the order of 60 V.

Now you need a pretty strong field strength in order to do that, which normally means a high voltage across your capacitor plates, *but* because the capacitor "plates" are very close to one another in an electyrolytic capacitor construction (whereby one of the plates is an actual plate and the other is formed by ions in the electrolyte) you have a "plate" distance in the order of 1 um, and then the required voltage across the terminals is in the order of tens of Volts.

In that sense, it is interesting to consider why you get "the glow" with an aluminum - borax based rectifier:

http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/SparkBangBuzz/borax-el.htm

Quote

The glow is produced on the reverse bias cycle of each rectifier.

Could that be caused by "tiny sparks" within the fluid, within a very tiny region on top of the surface of your plates, whereby you get this "internal current" whereby electrons jump from one molecule to the next, thus not only producing "the glow" but also producing HHO gas???

Note that the glow is produced in the reverse bias cycle of the (aluminim/liquid) rectifier, which means that it is not conducting during the time the glow is produced.

Quote from Dog-One on May 10th, 2013, 06:43 AM

I also think what plagues our development is not having a good working prototype to evaluate.  We have lots of patents, ideas and test fixtures, but nothing concrete that clearly demonstrates a process in action.  This leads to skepticism and rightfully so.  There is a lot of hoaxed material out in the wild.  I know first hand having spent many hours and resources replicating a couple of them, only to find out the results fall orders of magnitude short of what was claimed.  This is an unfortunate artifact of our Internet free-for-all and requires an unanticipated level of discernment many researchers lack, me included.

We look forward to you bringing something to the table that will boost our level of understanding and confidence.  Please do feel free to start a thread in our projects section when you are ready to begin building.

I know there is a lot of B.S. out there. To be honest, I have nothing to back up this theory other than my study of lots of material and the confidence that what Bedini reported is accurate and the reporting of others observing what we called "the electret effect" with electrolytic capacitors charged with Bedini type chargers, and my background of holding a Masters degree in Electrical Engineering.

I posted some links here on where I got the background ideas:
http://www.energeticforum.com/76020-post17.html

So, to me things add up and I think the theoretic foundation is solid, but you may differ in opinion. All I can do at this moment is share my thoughts, I don't have the time to experiment with this now, because I am working on another project, as I already said:

http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/9727-who-performs-first-longitudinal-moon-bounce-history-6.html#post230353

In other words: I post this stuff in the hope it may be useful and that it may help others with their experiments. It may turn out to be a vital key, but it may also turn out that Meyer used some other mechanism.

However, Turtur's thesis at least offers a fundamental understanding of where the energy is coming from. There may be other mechanism to utilize that, but I am pretty sure that given the observations reported by others in various situations that a polarized dielectric within an electrolytic capacitor or lead-acid battery explains the observed phenomena pretty well.

And at the bright side: at least I don't claim any results of any kind you can be dissapointed by when replicating. :D


(*)  Note that I am using the term HHO as an abbreviation for "H2 / O2 gas" aka "Oxyhydrogen". See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyhydrogen.

Posted this in the "Stanley Meyer Water Car Injector Drawings For The Water Powered Buggy!" thread. It says it's posted, but I can't find it back, so I post it here as well:

Quote

Securesupplies,

I'm sure that would work just fine. A low dielectric constant is important because you don't want the capacitance of the large part of the injector effeceting the tapered area capacitance. Macor has a dielectric constant of about 6 unitl the temp goes beyond 150 C. As we all know macor is what Meyer used but it is quite expensive.

IMHO, the dielectric layer is one of the most, if not THE most, important design element of the whole system. I posted a thread on how I believe the system is capable of drawing energy from the environment (vacuum, zero-point, dirac-sea, aether, whatever you want to call it):

http://www.open-source-energy.org/?tid=1168

I believe, based on reported observations by a/o John Bedini that the secret of the whole system is to be found in the properties of the dielectric layer within the fuel cell (or injector, which appears to contain a tiny fuel cell).

It has been a head-ache for many years in solving the question of how to prevent electrolytic capacitors from generating HHO, an unwanted effect when building electrolytic capacitors.

An electrolytic capacitor, contrary to what many people think, is not just two capacitor plates with a dielectric in between. One of the "plates" is no more than a contact plate between the terminal and the electrolyte fluid. The other plate is an actual plate, on which a tiny layer of dielectric (often aluminum oxide) is grown by means of an electochemical process. The actual other "plate" of such a capacitor is then formed by the ions in the electrolyte fluid, whereby the dielectric layer is in the order of 1 um thick. In the old days, radio amateurs used aluminum plates and baking soda as an electrolyte.

Now what happens when you put aluminum plates in a baking soda bath and put a voltage across them, on the positive plate such a layer of dielectric grows automagically such that it becomes thick enough to withstand the applied voltage. If you want to make an electrolytic capacitor that way, you need to apply like 10% extra voltage during the growing process, so the dielectric grows just a little bit thicker than needed for the intended usage voltage.

The next thing that is very interesting is what happens when you apply high voltage spikes to an electrolytic capacitor. When you do that for a while, the capacitors start to show a significant increase of what is known as "dielectric relaxation" effect. When you charge an elco to, say 10 V, and then shortly short circuit it, then after a few seconds or a minute or so, it will spontaneously recharge itself to about 10% of the original voltage. That is the dielectric relaxation effect.

Electrolytic capacitors (as well as lead-acid batteries) which have been charged with high voltage spikes, Bedini's method, show a behavior whereby they spontaneously re-charge to much higher voltages.

I believe this occurs because the thin dielectric layer gets super-polarized by these *sudden* high voltage spikes.

Now if that is correct, and indeed you get a very strong electric field within your polarized dielectric, this field extends into the electrolyte fluid. Now because the layer is very thin, this field can be very strong, and exceed the dielectric breakdown strength of water and thus causes the water to spontaneously split into hydrogen/oxygen gas, which can be used as a fuel.

Interestingly, when experiments are being done with old-school rectifiers, basically the same construction, a glow is being observed over the surface of the aluminum plates. I believe this same kind of glow has been reported with some more successfull fuel cell replications (Rahni or something?).....

So, if this indeed is the mechanism by which the system draws it's energy from the environment, the thickness of the layer is very, very important, because that relates directly to the field strength that results within the dielectric when you apply an external voltage in order to "charge" the capacitor and thus polarize the dielectric, which eventually gives you the power to produce your gas. (see thread posted above).

In other words: the thickness and properties of the dielectric layer determine whether or not your system will function as desired. It is very hard to produce very thin layers of dielectric with a constant thickness onto a rough material such as metal, unless you grow the layer electrochemically.

With aluminum, we know exactly how to do that. The industry does it all the time when they make an electrolytic capacitor, and the DIY version with baking soda also works, albeit that those are plagued with unintended HHO production. ;)

So, it may be worthwhile to experiment with homemade aluminum and baking soda electrolytic capacitors in order to see whether or not the effect I think is responsible for the working principle of the device indeed works as I say it does. If that turns out to be correct, you then also have the information you need in order to make dielectric layers with desired properties on other metals, such as stainless steel.

Stainless steel does contain other metals that prevent it from rusting by growing a dielectric layer, which thickness then needs to be controlled in order to get a layer that is just thick enough to withstand the voltages you apply to it in order to polarize the material, so that it induces a strong electric field in your fluid which makes the water to split without having to apply an external current trough the fluid itself...

Okay, lets try a slightly different angle here.  Lets suppose we have two relatively closely spaced plates, one coated in a dielectric material and the other bare.  Now instead of using liquid as the electrolyte, we use water vapor.  We still create the high voltage electric field as suggested.  Could we pump water vapor through this electric field and and have it breakdown the same way?  Which voltage plate needs to have the dielectric coating?  And what flow rate per plate surface area would we need to ensure all of the water vapor converted to HHO?  Seems to me the electric field strength would be dependent upon the plate gap and dielectric strength, any idea what voltages we would be talking here?  Can we induce an electric field via a magnetic field instead?

I have heard it mentioned that "cracking" the water prior to ionization is essential.  Such methods include forced cavitation of liquid water, whereby you pull off the "cracked" water, then ionize it.  How does this play into the electric effect and what does cracking actually do to the water than makes it easy to ionize?

Sorry, lots of questions that need answers before we can attempt a well designed build of such a device.  That's what this forum is here for, to get down to the bottom of it.

Quote from Dog-One on May 10th, 2013, 03:21 PM

Okay, lets try a slightly different angle here.  Lets suppose we have two relatively closely spaced plates, one coated in a dielectric material and the other bare.  Now instead of using liquid as the electrolyte, we use water vapor.  We still create the high voltage electric field as suggested.  Could we pump water vapor through this electric field and and have it breakdown the same way?  Which voltage plate needs to have the dielectric coating? And what flow rate per plate surface area would we need to ensure all of the water vapor converted to HHO?  Seems to me the electric field strength would be dependent upon the plate gap and dielectric strength, any idea what voltages we would be talking here?

Eccless did something along that direction, based on the work of Meyer. He refers to one of Meyers patents, although he did not use water vapor IIRC and he put the dielectric outside of the reactor chamber:
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Eccles%20-%20Fracture%20Cell%20Apparatus%20-%20GB%202.324.307A.pdf
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Eccles%20-%20Fracture%20Cell%20Apparatus%20-%20OCR%20remake%20GB2324307A.pdf

Either way, when you want to use water vapor, then you don't really have a conducting electrolyte, so I suppose your capacitor will act much more like a normal capacitor with some dielectric layers in between. In practice, that means that you do not get an electrolytic capacitor and thus both of your plates will be "real" capacitor plates.

Normally, when you charge a capacitor, the dielectric gets polarized and will oppose the electric field that is being induced by the capacitor plates (which also happens with an electrolytic cap, btw). I guess it is a good idea to coat the plates in order to isolate them, but the coating will work against the field you induce for splitting the water, which means you need a higher voltage compared to the case without dielectric coating.

The required field strength lies in the order of 70 KV/mm, the dielectric breakdown strength of distilled water ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_strength ), which is quite considerable, but achievable.  In such a case, it is the charge carriers on your capacitor plates that are able to draw energy from the environment, so it is possible to achieve a COP>1. However, working with high voltages is pretty challenging.

In that sense, it is interesting to know whether or not Meyer's injectors actually worked (as tiny fuel cells). I am confident that he did get his car to run on water, but I am not aware of any information which confirms that he actually did so using his injectors, but the material I have read is quite limited compared what you guys got these days. I have a lot of reading up to do, but it would be nice if it could be confirmed whether or not he actually ran his car on the injectors at some point, or that he "only" succeeded with running his car on a bigger model fuel cell, along the lines replicated by Fast Freddy some time ago.

As for the flow rate, there is a formula which expresses how much energy is available in the electric field:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field#Energy_in_the_electric_field

However, this is a static formula. Actually, the energy flows with the speed of light from one plate to the next.

From there, one may be able to get an idea about how much water you may be able to split, but I can't shake that out of my hand just like that and I have no idea what percentage of the available energy can be used for splitting the water. So, I'm afraid experiments will be needed to determine the achievable flow rate.

Quote

Can we induce an electric field via a magnetic field instead?

The magnetic field is a rotational movement of the aether and thus with a magnet you get vortexes in the aether. I think one can say that it can be considered to be akin to the electric field running in circles/spirals. So, in principle there appear to be possibilities, but it may require very strong magnetic fields. Have to think about this further.

Quote

I have heard it mentioned that "cracking" the water prior to ionization is essential.  Such methods include forced cavitation of liquid water, whereby you pull off the "cracked" water, then ionize it.  How does this play into the electric effect and what does cracking actually do to the water than makes it easy to ionize?

The process by the book consists of two sets of possible half reactions:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water

Quote

In pure water at the negatively charged cathode, a reduction reaction takes place, with electrons (e−) from the cathode being given to hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas (the half reaction balanced with acid):

Reduction at cathode: 2 H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)

At the positively charged anode, an oxidation reaction occurs, generating oxygen gas and giving electrons to the anode to complete the circuit:

Anode (oxidation): 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e−

The same half reactions can also be balanced with base as listed below. Not all half reactions must be balanced with acid or base. Many do, like the oxidation or reduction of water listed here. To add half reactions they must both be balanced with either acid or base.

Cathode (reduction): 2 H2O(l) + 2e− → H2(g) + 2 OH-(aq)
Anode (oxidation): 4 OH- (aq) → O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e−

Combining either half reaction pair yields the same overall decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen:

Overall reaction: 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)

The number of hydrogen molecules produced is thus twice the number of oxygen molecules. Assuming equal temperature and pressure for both gases, the produced hydrogen gas has therefore twice the volume of the produced oxygen gas. The number of electrons pushed through the water is twice the number of generated hydrogen molecules and four times the number of generated oxygen molecules.

Under normal circumstances, water is not "pure" H2O. A certain part of the water is already split into H+ (acid) and OH- (base) ions. The PH gives the concentration of H+ ions. When the PH = 7, this is called "neutral" and that is the normal PH, whereby the concentration of H+ ions equals 10^-7, which is then also the concentration of OH- ions.

From the reactions at Wikipedia, it appears you need either a H+ or an OH- ion to be available in order to get a reaction.  

It appears that the term "cracking" refers to the process of splitting water:

http://oupower.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=2176

Quote

I have seen articles where spraying steam or water onto red hot steel will cause water to dissociate ( thermal cracking ) into hydrogen and oxygen.

The process in the book essentially requires some water to have split into H+ and OH- ions, whereby it takes energy to perform the further HHO reactions, because electrons have to be transferred from one (of two possible) half reaction to the other. Normally, this is done by using plates placed in contact with the water (anode, cathode).

However, since it is the electric field that actually causes currents to flow, it appears logical to assume that you can also make these same electrons move within the fluid itself instead of via an external wire/battery.

In other words: what I think happens is that with the electric field induced splitting process, the current essentially flows along another path. It stays within the fluid instead of being forced trough the wire and anode/cathode by the battery.

And the observed "glow" in both electrolytic type rectifiers as well as some fuell cell replications (Ravi ?) suggests this is what is actually supposed to happen with Meyer's design.

Quote

Sorry, lots of questions that need answers before we can attempt a well designed build of such a device.  That's what this forum is here for, to get down to the bottom of it.

I always welcome questions. Answers we are looking for often come about when the right questions are asked....

I have taken another look at the Eccles patent:

http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Eccles%20-%20Fracture%20Cell%20Apparatus%20-%20GB%202.324.307A.pdf
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Eccles%20-%20Fracture%20Cell%20Apparatus%20-%20OCR%20remake%20GB2324307A.pdf

His cell is essentially a capacitor with double-layered plates, whereby he switches the voltages back and forth between +25 kV and -25 KV over a gap of about 5 mm. So, he induces a field strength in the order of 10kV/mm, much less than the dielectric breakdown voltage of water of about 70 kV/mm according to Wikipedia (see post above).

I suspect that because of the switching, which I assume to be fast, he does get a shockwave (front) trough his fluid at the moment of switching with such a fast rise time that at the wavefront the required field strength of about 70 kV/mm is exceeded and thus is capable of splitting the water into hydrogen and oxygen gas.

For this structure to work with D.C., one would need at least 7 times higher voltages, if I understand this stuff correctly...

This digitized old-school book is an excellent source of information about electrolytic capacitors:

http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/book_toc.htm

For example, this chapter deals about how to make electrolytic capacitors and what electrolytes to use:
http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/chapt_05.htm

Note that the most successfull Meyer replications reported thus far, as far as I am aware, are the replications my Lawton and Ravi:

http://peswiki.com/index.php/OS:Water_Fuel_Cell

Quote

In June of 2006, retired U.K. Research Engineer Dave Lawton released a report, compiled by PGFED Editor Patrick Kelly, detailing Lawton's success in constructing a working Meyer WFC, which has produced gas at 3x the Faradic equivalent rate for the power consumed. Lawton, who spent much of his career at Britain's Rutherford Labs (equiv. U.S. Lawrence Livermore) designing and constructing instrumentation for high energy particle physics research, is far from the average 'tinkerer'. Videos of his two WFC units, one with an alternator based circuit, and one employing solid state timing logic, were posted on YouTube, and have received over 50,000 hits. The cells operated at 12-13v/3-4a - averaging approximatley 57 watts of input power - producing gas aggressively in distilled water with no electrolyte.

I found one of the pdfs describing his process, whereby the tubes have to be "conditioned", i.e. an insulating (*dielectric*) layer has to be formed on the surface of the tubes:

http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Meyer/D14.pdf

Quote

In June of 2006, retired U.K. Research Engineer Dave Lawton released a report, compiled by PGFED Editor Patrick Kelly, detailing Lawton's success in constructing a working Meyer WFC, which has produced gas at 3x the Faradic equivalent rate for the power consumed. Lawton, who spent much of his career at Britain's Rutherford Labs (equiv. U.S. Lawrence Livermore) designing and constructing instrumentation for high energy particle physics research, is far from the average 'tinkerer'. Videos of his two WFC units, one with an alternator based circuit, and one employing solid state timing logic, were posted on YouTube, and have received over 50,000 hits. The cells operated at 12-13v/3-4a - averaging approximatley 57 watts of input power - producing gas aggressively in distilled water with no electrolyte.

http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Meyer/ravi.pdf

Quote

Conditioning

The conditioning time was pretty long. The surface forms a layer of Nickel oxides along with Chromium oxide as well and in the case of 316L you have @ 2% Molybdenum in the SS alloy but you could be right about the Cr oxides acting as a dielectric. Nickel passivates in air and forms oxides like Zinc in galvanised form. Example: incase you need to electroplate on nickel you need to reactivate the surface layer before the plating process or the plated layer just peels off.  

The initial conditioning is very very important and I recommend to use the process I posted as with lesser Amps you form a thin fine grain layer and once you increase the Amps the grain size of the deposition layer increases. The bigger grains can come off the surface easily...so once you do this you go back to the longer time low Amp  conditioning in the process I posted...this again reinforces the larger grains deposited  during the high Amp conditioning to bond to the base / previous layer.

More info at Ravi's youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/user/raviwfc
https://www.youtube.com/user/raviwfc/videos?view=0

This information appears to support the theory outlined in this thread...

Found some more detailed info on the Lawton / Ravi replications, which I mirrored on my site:

http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/tesla3.com/wf_meyer_lawton.html
http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/tesla3.com/wf_meyer_ravi.html
http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/tesla3.com/wf_meyer_h2earth.html

A/o in this pdf there are some references to a glow being observed in Lawton's replciation:
http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/tesla3.com/Daves_Cell.pdf

Quote

Daves comment about having to condition the cell by allowing a film to develope on the electrodes is interesting because this is what the cold fusion guys do with their cells. They sometimes use dual concentric electrodes like Dave's one of which is made of polished aluminium. The electrolyte is Potassium carbonate. A 12 volt Dc supply is connected to the cell with the positive lead going to the aluminium electrode. A very thin, insulating anodic film developes on the aluminium electrode. Then the polarity is reversed so that the aluminium electrode becomes the cathode during the experiment. Since the electric field strength is the gradient of the potential across the anodised film the electric field is strong enough,despite the low voltage, to enhance the production of charge clusters at the cathode. This is visible as a pink glow in the electrolyte and if you look carefully you can see tiny sparks coming off the cathode as the charge clusters leave an ionized trail throught the solution.

I noted that the Bedini video I posted in my Pes article is no longer available at Google. However, it is also available at YouTube:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sF5AB7NF51k

There are a/o shots of the crystals forming on the battery plates, which appear to be quite similar in appearance to the white powder "coating" which was present on the "conditioned" water fuell tubes in the Ravi and Lawton replications.

Once again, if the theory presented here is correct, then you would want to use Aluminum tubes instead of Stainless Steel, because the dielectric layers formed on top of Aluminum are much easier to work with and to control. It is not for nothing that the Industry still uses Aluminum for making electrolytic capacitors and, to my knowledge, never used Stainless Steel for that purpose.

Apparently, one of the problems with the layers one can grow on SS is that these are rough and easily damaged and also the process for forming the layers is very delicate (judging on the information provided by Ravi/Lawton, linked above).

Growing layers with the desired properties on Aluminum is, in comparison, a walk in the park and is well documented in the book I posted above:
http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/book_toc.htm

However, there is one thing I should add: A layer with a rough surface has a significantly larger surface area, which would be an advantage, because the larger the surface (contact) area, the better the performance. For this reason, the surface of electrolytic capacitor plates is roughened in the Industry:

http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/chapt_04.htm

Quote

AS HAS been previously mentioned, the capacity of an electrolytic capacitor is determined by the area of the anode surface and the thickness of the dielectric film covering this surface. That being the case it becomes apparent that an increase in capacity can be obtained if the surface of a given size of anode is increased by roughening the plain surface. It is also apparent that the increase in capacity thus obtained will be in direct proportion to the increase in effective surface area by such a roughening procedure.

Capacitors fabricated with a plain surface anode structure are called plain foil capacitors and capacitors fabricated with a roughened surface anode structure are called etched foil capacitors.

The majority of present day wet electrolytic capacitors employ the use of etched surface anode structures.

A number of methods have been developed for the roughening of the anode surface and such methods include sand blasting, mechanical embossing, scratching with rotating brushes, use of abrasive materials, forming in rotary dies and chemical etching with acids and salts of acids.

Some futher considerations about the application of acoustic resonance in combination with the theory presented here, posted at EF. The video being discussed handles about Dave Lawton's replication AFAIK:

http://www.energeticforum.com/water-fuel/14034-theoretic-foundation-meyers-cell-electret-effect.html#post232507

Quote from Hrothgar;232457

(not for on demand but general production) Since one of the uses of an ultrasonic horn is to induce instantaneous chemical reactions.  Is it possible that using an ultrasonic horn in combination with the electricity could have a positive effect?  Or just rebind the H2 to the O:thinking:

Yes, that is definitely possible. The gas bubbles tend to stick to the tubes and thus make it harder for water atoms and/or H+ and OH- ions to reach the region where the strong electric field is present.

So, acoustic resonance, either in the length direction of the (organ like) pipes or perpendicular with respect to the tube surfaces, would likely help to prevent the gas bubbles from sticking to the tube surface and thus improve the amount of gas which can be produced per unit of time.


Update: some earlier considerations on acoustic resonance here:
http://www.energeticforum.com/water-fuel/6235-future-energy-hydroxy-cell-6.html#post111120

Quote

[4/2/2007 11:29:10 PM] Tao says: UNTIL, I just watched that video
again..........
[4/2/2007 11:29:50 PM] Tao says: Look at what Dave was pulsing his DC at in
the video: 5714Hz!!!! At 1:11 in the video you can see what he was pulsing
at.......
[4/2/2007 11:30:58 PM] Tao says: Based on the equation for acoustic
resonance, Dave was pulsing his tubes at the EXACT frequency at which those
tubes will resonate ACOUSTICALLY in FRESH WATER... So, my finding was
basically his: Dave found the BEST gas production at the VERY SAME frequency
that just so happens to be where his tubes resonate ACOUSTICALLY IN WATER
... HMMM...
Maybe it is nothing at all but a coincidence, but maybe there is just
something to it........................

Something else about the tuning because I can't wrap my head around yet I believe the 2mm gap of the small tubes is also a harmonic of the open tube frequency. Then add the the large tube-set at 4 octives below the small tubes and its gap of 1mm another harmonic of the picture.

There has to be some intense science behind this to achieve the final outcome that just hasn't been evaluated yet.

http://www.energeticforum.com/water-fuel/6235-future-energy-hydroxy-cell-6.html#post111121

Of course, acoustic resonance also keeps the fluid in motion, thus forcing atoms and ions into the reaction area, and thus also increasing the production rate.

The "ravi" pdf contains some more detail on the conditioning process and mentions Nickel being important in the formation of the layers on SS:

http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Meyer/ravi.pdf

Quote

I have never posted this info before but this is the reason why different Amp levels are used in the process. I have to give the reasoning for the low Amp conditioning as a lot of replications seem to be taking the short cut method of conditioning at high Amps to save time.  

PLEASE DONOT GO ABOUT CONDITIONING WITH HIGH AMPS ONLY AS YOU'LL ENDUP HAVING A WEAKLY BONDED COAT. LOW AMP CONDITIONING IN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR PROPER BONDING OF LAYERS TO THE BASE METAL and the previous layers. FOLLOW THE POSTED PROCEDURE. It’s a time consuming process but worth the effort.
 
The bond strength of the layer can be increased further as after every cycle of conditioning you need to stop for at least an hour. During this period you can let the pipes air dry only after every cycle...this compacts the layer even more due to the loss of moisture from the surface...then change water and go about the conditioning cycle. Never touch the layer till it dries up completely.

http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/GlowExper.pdf

Ravzz states- IT DESCRIBES WHAT REACTIONS HAPPEN DUE TO CONDITIONING!!   IT SAYS THIS CONDITIONING COAT FORMS IN WATER WITH NICKEL.....WELL SS316L HAS THE MOST AMOUNT OF NICKEL IN THE 300 SERIES! This even confirms the reason why there is a glow in the WFC and even confirms that it can be seen only when its dark...and that’s what I had seen. Looks like this the key to what happens during and due to conditioning. The doc even talks about cold fusion taking place in the cell.....and over unity due to the conditioned coat!!

These docs should put an end to the reason why conditioning is so important and why the step conditioning needs to be followed.

http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/BlueAEH.pdf

http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/GlowExper.pdf

http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/OrangeGlow.pdf

http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/Key2Free.pdf

The following may be related, could the plasma version of the "diode effect" mentioned in papers previously mentioned above.

HHefner docs also mirrored here:
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Reference_Material/

Taking the results from Prof. Gerald Pollack into account that water builds up Exclusion Zones (EZ) with liquid crystalline structure of negative charge when in contact with another medium that might be the missing link to understanding the barrier concept as used in dielectric capacitors.

Quote from bussi04 on June 4th, 2013, 04:38 AM

Taking the results from Prof. Gerald Pollack into account that water builds up Exclusion Zones (EZ) with liquid crystalline structure of negative charge when in contact with another medium that might be the missing link to understanding the barrier concept as used in dielectric capacitors.

Thanks for posting!

I sent him an email.

-- Arend --

 Both Sterling D. Allan and TechZombie posted an article about the info presented here:

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Article:Theoretical_Foundation_for_the_Functioning_of_Meyer%27s_Fuell_Cell
http://aetherforce.com/dutch-engineer-may-have-the-missing-link-to-hydrogen-cell-efficiency/

First of all, I wish to express my gratitude to them for publishing this, because the more this information is being spread around the better. Zomb also made a collection of documents with info about this project: https://keychests.com/?c=150  

A further collection of documents can be found at my server:
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Meyer/

And finally, there is (of course) our Bible, Patrick Kelly's guide, which is also hosted at my site now, because Patrick is retiring and was kind enough to send me the contents of his site. Particularly interesting with regards to this project are chapters 5 and 10, but at the front page there are also more documents under "Electrolyser construction plans and Suppliers":
http://free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Chapt5.html
http://free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Chapt10.html
http://free-energy-info.tuks.nl/

All right, now Zomb asked me the following by email:

Quote

This can be a great open source project since it is so easy to begin.

We need to give them more guidance. on how to start.

for example you say high voltages are required if we use dc right? 7x higher than 20kv? that is extremely high. very lows amps. .1ma will keep the water cool and keep it from evaporating I assume. but we need to guide them on what transformers they should use to experiment with such voltages.

Also the nature of the cell itself.

Since I am not such a good builder myself, I am working together with a friend, and we are planning to make a fuell cell for experimenting. This afternoon, I made a shopping list with some considerations for getting started.

We considered both the option of using rectangular plates, as well as round pipes as Meyer used. We decided to go for the latter and stay as close as possible to Lawton's design, because the components for that are readily available in the UK.

Essentially, what we plan to do is to do what Dave did, but only exchange the Stainless Steel pipes for Aluminum ones, because then we can control the growth of the dielectric layer which does all the magic.  What will also be different, of course, is the process for growing the dielectric layers. For that, we need to study the book:
http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/book_toc.htm

For those who are not convinced yet that there is more to a dielectric than meets the eye, I wholeheartedly recommend watching this video:
/watch?v=9ckpQW9sdUg

To quote Eric Dollard on this one:
http://www.tuks.nl/wiki/pmwiki.php/Main/EnergeticFormPosts

Quote

There are some very serious misconceptions in the world of Electrical Engineering today. (The writings of Oliver Heaviside and Proteus Steinmetz gravely warned about this...) Let us start with the YouTube MIT Physics Demo video that Armagdn03 posted a link to on 11-10-2009 on page 2 of this thread.

This is a good demonstration for several reasons.

1.) Glass is a dielectric which can store electrical energy within its physical form. This should be common knowledge and not a surprise to anyone today…

2.) That this simple fact and reality “blows some people’s minds” clearly illustrates that it’s just all gone way, way, too far… The Einsteinian Lie has succeeded in instilling a mind virus in most everyone and also in confusing Main Stream “Scientists”, who today waste billions of dollars of funding each year, only to chase their own tails in a canonic sequence.

All right, the shopping list:

First, the tubes. Stan used 16" or 40 cm. Lawton used 1" outside diameter for the larger tubes and a gap between the tubes of about 1-2 mm. In the Netherlands, tubes can be bought here:
http://www.ijzershop.nl/280-buizen

It should be noted that there normally already is a dielectric layer on the tubes, which will most likely have to be removed. We still have to figure out how to do that, because the tubes will have to be roughened in order to increase their surface area, but we will probably go for cleaning and etching, since that is the most easy with round pipes.

We plan to go for 25x20 for the outer tubes and 16x12 for the inner tubes, so we get a gap of 2 mm.

We still have to decide about the number of pipes, which will either be 6 or 9. Lawton used 6, but Dr Scott Cramton used 9, which gives the option of running with three phases.

However, as it looks now, I prefer to stay as close to Lawton as possible, because that gives the best comparison with available results and the available kits we plan to use are also designed for that configuration.

So, we would need 6 x 40 cm of both tube sizes.

For the housing of the cell and other components, we are looking at this site, which sells almost all the needed parts and electronics under one roof:

http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton.html

For the use of 40cm tubes, we need 1 plastic tube of 50 cm length:
http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/dave-lawton-electrolyser-110-x-500-x-3mm-acrylic-tube.html

And 2 end caps:
http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/dave-lawton-electrolyser-110mm-end-cap.html

Further, I would consider using plastic bolts instead of rubber slides, so I would also opt for a set of these:
http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/scott-crampton-plastic-srews-kit.html

See this drawing:



For the electronics, there are two options available, as far as I understand:


1) The manual controlled PWM version:
http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/dave-lawton-pwm-kit.html

2) The PLL auto-tuning kit, which can also be manually controlled, *but* also has an auto-resonance tuning circuit:
http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/dave-lawton-pll-full-kit.html

Of course, the PLL kit has its advantages, but it is more expensive.
For these, one can choose for full kits, just the soldered PCB or a bare PCB.


Besides that, one needs a coil. Perhaps buy a couple, because they are not expensive and the wiring and such may be handy for further experimenting:

http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/dave-lawton-pattern-bifilar-inductor-kit.html

And, a "fixing kit" is also worth considering:

http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/dave-lawton-electrolyser-stainless-steel-fixings-kit.html

The only thing that is missing in the shop are the place holders. There are these:

http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/dave-lawton-electrolyser-150mm-diameter-mounting-plates.html

But these have 9 holes of 19 mm diameter, which could be drilled up, but then you still have 9 holes instead of 6. So, we haven't decided on this part yet.
Update: These are for 150 mm pipes and DO NTOT fit in the 110 mm version!!


What is left from the shopping list is at least these items:

1) electrolyte solution. A choice will have to be made from:
http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/chapt_05.htm#formation

2) Cleaning / etching aluminum. This will have to be studied and a choice made from:
http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/chapt_04.htm

Grinding is also possible, but that might be hard to do with round pipes. Bob Boyce did this, but he used flat squared plates....

3) bubbler and other safety material for mounting on a test-engine and eventually perhaps in a car.

4) Gas production meter.

5) Insulation material around the outer tubes and the inner side of the inner tube. This is optional, but it is advised by Kelly to be used.


Finally, according to the information in Kelly's chapter 10, tuning of the pipes is important:
http://free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Chapt10.html

Quote

It needs to be stressed that Dr. Cramton’s cell is very close in construction principles to Dave Lawton’s cell and the quality of construction is very important indeed. The first and foremost point which can be easily missed is the absolutely essential tuning of all of the pipes to a single, common frequency. This is the equivalent of tuning a musical instrument and without that tuning, the essential resonant operation of the cell will not be achieved and the cell performance will not be anything like the results which Dr. Cramton and his team are getting.

Now that does not mean one cannot achieve results in terms of energy extraction from the aether without resonance, given what Bedini reported about his batteries. However, apparently it is required for obtaining an optimal gas production, so I think it would be a good idea to follow this advice.

Update:
As I wrote just above, the available place holders are not suitable for a 110 mm Lawton replication, because they are 150mm diameter. So, now we will have to choose between a 8/9 pipe 150mm version, or a 6 pipe 110 mm version..

I am currently thinking in the direction of going for a Cramton variation instead of Lawton's, because that one is bigger, place holders are available, and it offers an extra opportunity to work with an extra tube in the center. So, it supporst both 8 and 9 tubes, so it offers the possibility to work with 3 fases, should any reason to do so come up in the future.

In that case, we would go for this option, instead of the 110 mm Lawton tube and end caps:
http://www.courtiestown.co.uk/index.php/electrolysers/dave-lawton/scott-cramton-complete-electrolyser-kit.html

Cramton works with three fases, which he steers using an alternator, as Lawton did in his first experiments. However, the "organ pipes" - which is what the tubes are acoustically - have a length of half an acoustic wavelength, in the case both sides of the pipes are open acoustically:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Open

Quote

An open tube is a tube in which both ends are open. The tube resonates at many frequencies or notes. Its lowest resonance (called its fundamental frequency) occurs at the same frequency as a closed tube of half its length. An open tube will resonate if there is a displacement antinode at each open end. These displacement antinodes are places where there is a maximum movement of air in and out of the ends of the tube. By overblowing an open tube, a note can be obtained that is an octave above the fundamental frequency or note of the tube. For example, if the fundamental note of an open pipe is C1, then overblowing the pipe gives C2, which is an octave above C1.

So, if you want to optimize the acoustic resonance, I think one should work with two sets of pipes, which have opposit fases, so you get a whole wavelength going round trough two sets of pipes. That way, the resonance within the two sets of pipes amplifies one another and thus most of the acoustic energy remains within the cell and is preserved.

Note that the velocity of sound in water is significantly different than in air:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_acoustics#Sound_speed

Quote

Approximate values for fresh water and seawater, respectively, at atmospheric pressure are 1450 and 1500 m/s for the sound speed, and 1000 and 1030 kg/m³ for the density. The speed of sound in water increases with increasing pressure, temperature and salinity. The maximum speed in pure water under atmospheric pressure is attained at about 74°C; sound travels slower in hotter water after that point; the maximum increases with pressure. On-line calculators can be found at Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea-Water and Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water

Now because the speed of sound varies with pressure, temperature, etc., the resonance frequency of our "organ pipes" varies. When there is a lot of gas production, which is not used right away, obviously the pressure in the cell rises and thus the resonance frequency varies during operation of the cell. So, we need to be able to adapt our steering signals dynamically, which is what Lawton's PLL circuit is for:

http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Chapt10.html

Quote

The rate of oscillation is governed by the resonant frequency of the water-splitter unit. Consequently, as the resonant frequency of the cell alters because bubbles form, the pressure changes, the temperature changes, or whatever, the circuit automatically tracks and maintains that optimum frequency.

Dave Lawton uses a different method as he has designed and built a Phase-Lock Loop ("PLL") circuit which does the same thing that Stan Meyer's automatic circuit did.

So, if you want to go beyond a basic experimental setup, investing some extra for the PLL kit is highly recommended.

As said, Cramton used an alternator, as did Lawton in his first version:



This does not seem like a good idea to me, so we will need to make an adaption to Lawton's PLL circuit, because we need the auto resonance tuning. And we need two sets of coils, of course.  

Actually, it may be a good idea to order four "coil" kits when you are at it anyway, since it may be that the circuit works better when two cores are magnetically coupled (forming a closed magnetic "ring") using iron bars or something, as shown in this photo:




Either way, the adaption of the circuit does not appear to be complicated, exactly because we would want to go for 2 sets of "organ pipes" with opposit phases. All that would take is an extra inverter IC or transistor, and an extra BUZ350 (or, in this case: 62N15P) circuit added to Lawton's circuit, in this case the auto-tuning PLL version:



In that case, we would go for an 8 pipe version of Cramton's design and leave the 9th pipe in the middle out, and adapt the PLL circuit for operation with two opposit phases.

Update:
A pdf version of the contents of this thread so far is available here:
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Theoretic%20foundation_%20the%20electret%20effect.pdf

Two days ago, when googling for some info, I ended up at my own thread at EF, which I posted in december 2009:

http://www.energeticforum.com/john-bedini/5128-bedini-meyer-capacitors-batteries-electret-effect.html

Time sure does fly... :D

The thread a/o contains a link to a page with excerpts taken from posts made by John and Peter to the Bedini SG discussion list:
http://freeenergynews.com/Directory/Inventors/JohnBedini/SG/Feb2005/

Quote

In the last few months, John and I have built two large, multi-coil machines. One of them runs on 24 volt, 450 amp-hour batteries and charges a second equally large battery bank. The second one runs on 24 volt, 1600 amp-hour batteries and charges a second set of equal size. This last unit is our first set of experiments with a battery large enough to run a solar home! At the end of the charge cycle, these 1600 amp-hour batteries are boiling at 31.2 volts!

In the thread, Aaron Murakami reported a/o:

Quote

The "boiling" effect isn't necessarily unwanted when charging batteries with the Bedini method. They will COLD boil, even up to an hour after the charger is disconnected if using for example, high capacitance low voltage discharges.

[...]

I have seen batteries charged with radiant that get a white coating on the plates...batteries with clear see through walls so you can see the liquid and plates inside. Just like the conditioning that has been observed on many of the Meyer experiments. This is the observation I brought to the table a long time ago.

And:

Quote

First of all, Ravi got this conditioning idea and process from me and then developed his own conditioning regimen. You can ask him youself.

And, it is not a myth, which implies it has been claimed that Meyer's tubes did have a white powder coating. It must be kept in the proper context. Myself or Ravi never claimed Meyer had this coating.

I may have speculated on that but have never claimed that as I have never personally examined Meyer's tubes. But, apparently both Ravi and I have seen a significant increase in gas production WITH the coating for less input.

I originally posted this around 5 years ago, this is the 2nd or 3rd time I posted it after it kept getting deleted:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VphxVYYnEvA

Both the below vids are the 2nd or 3rd time I had to post them as well.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yiag4h7H-TQ
If I put a choke in series, the of course I can get higher voltaged and lower current. I have built several variations of the vic for straight up running the cells to produce gas and not for conditioning, but haven't really posted anything on that. Anyway, I was the first to point out the similarity of Meyer's circuits and Bedini's circuits way back on icubenetwork before it got hacked and shut down.

https://www.youtube.com/energeticforum#p/u/21/2VLYufVSJL8

What I personally observed a long time ago was my inner tubes started to get a pure white powder coating on them AND as this conditioning process went on, which is a conditioning process even if Meyer didn't have that same coating, the gas volume INCREASED consistently as the white powder coating became more evenly spread across the entire surface. This idea was based on actual experimental empirical evidence.

So, it is not a myth that it allows for higher voltage with less current with the benefit of increased gas production for less energy. It is a fact. Again, I'm not disputing you about Meyer having no coating.

But if anyone is saying that there is a myth stating Meyer had this coating...again, it was never claimed and my discovery has been taken out of context severely.

It is a dielectric coating, restricts current and allows high electrostatic pressure to be built up - as it does act as a capacitor. If there is no coating and even if the top ridge of the tubes are bare, the tubes are basically short circuited. I was able to measure up to hundreds of volts in that tube, while most reports I saw were lucky to measure over 2 volts...2 volts because it was short circuited.

This coating I have seen in batteries, and it helps to restrict current while allowing more voltage potential.

Further, over at EF, Jeff reported he has tried using aluminum some time ago. His post and my reply:

http://www.energeticforum.com/water-fuel/14034-theoretic-foundation-meyers-cell-electret-effect.html#post232761

Quote from Jeff Pearson;232773

I used the tubes to make a borax recitfier and then after they had a layer used them in WFC with no electrolyte.  Was using a freq in the audio range in the WFC.  This was back in January. My WFC project is on hold right now

Thanks fir reporting. Apparantly, the electrolyte needs to be maintained. The very first post on the old thread contains a quote which explains why:

Quote from lamare;78487

Electrolytic capacitor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Quote

The principle of the electrolytic capacitor was discovered in 1886 by Charles Pollak, as part of his research into anodizing of aluminum and other metals. Pollack discovered that due to the thinness of the aluminum oxide layer produced, there was a very high capacitance between the aluminum and the electrolyte solution. A major problem was that most electrolytes tended to dissolve the oxide layer again when the power is removed, but he eventually found that sodium perborate (borax) would allow the layer to be formed and not attack it afterwards. He was granted a patent for the borax-solution aluminum electrolytic capacitor in 1897.

The first application of the technology was in making starting capacitors for single-phase alternating current (AC) motors. Although most electrolytic capacitors are polarized, that is, they can only be operated with direct current (DC), by separately anodizing aluminum plates and then interleaving them in a borax bath, it is possible to make a capacitor that can be used in AC systems.

Nineteenth and early twentieth century electrolytic capacitors bore little resemblance to modern types, their construction being more along the lines of a car battery. The borax electrolyte solution had to be periodically topped up with distilled water, again reminiscent of a lead acid battery.

I guess "most electrolytes" would include plain tapwater....

In other words: when working with Aluminum, you need to maintain the electrolyte in your cell during operation in order to prevent it from being dissolved during operation.

When working with Stainless Steel, it appears that Nickel is the element in the alloy with which one can grow dielectric layers, as reported by Ravi. Puharich also used a Nickel allow in his fuell cell. However, much less information is available about how to grow dielectric layers based on Nickel. OTOH, it may very well be possible that a Nickel (or perhaps Chromium) based dielectric layer does not have the disadvantage of getting dissolved when operating with (tap) water without an electrolyte salt.


Just posted a comment about this at Pes:
http://peswiki.com/index.php/Article:Theoretical_Foundation_for_the_Functioning_of_Meyer%27s_Fuell_Cell

Mark Euthanasius:

Quote

Arend's idea is not a theory. His idea is an untested hypothesis. A theory is a hypothesis against which sufficient falsification efforts have failed to gain a consensus that they hypothesis is true.

So the next step is to falsify Arend's hypothesis. The hypothesis states that energy gets exchanged between the system and the aetheric vacuum, and further that under the correct circumstances net energy can be drawn from the aetheric vacuum. A good falsification test would be one that can reliably show such an exchange. I would look to Arend to come up with a proposal for such a test.

Me:

Quote

Actually, there is nothing new on the theoretic side, it's nothing more than a novel application of well established electrical engineering theory.

Prof. Turtur's thesis regarding the electric field being emitted by charged particles uses nothing but Coulomb's law and the known propagation speed of the electric field and well established math. Nothing out of the ordinary.

The same goes for the polarization of dielectrics, which are described by the Maxwell equations. Nothing new, either.

So, it's essentially just electrical engineering, designing a system which does what you want using well established theories and practices.

Mark Euthanasius:

Quote

Arend, you have put forward a hypothesis. You can propose falsification tests for that hypothesis or not. I shouldn't expect others to do that for you. If as you infer getting free energy from the aether is a simple matter of applying existing electrical engineering principles then what keeps you from demonstrating that you can do that?

Me:

Quote

It is not a hypothesis. A hypothesis is when you come up with some idea that might explain something you have observed, but it may also not be correct.

When you combine known and well accepted theories into a new application, you are either inventing or reverse-engineering. In this case, it's a matter of reverse engineering. There is no new hypothesis.

The basis is Prof. Turtur's published work about how to extract energy from the zero point field. Now there are many ideas contained in that work, but there is one element which I have studied, which is his idea of circulation of energy of the electric field emitted by charge carriers. What he presented on that subject, is nothing but a straightforward integration of the energy density emitted by a point charge propagating at a known velocity, c. What comes out of these equations, equations and math which has been used for decades, is that the propagating fields loose energy to the environment. This energy must come from somewhere, along the well established principle of conservation of energy, hence there must be a circulation of energy. If you want to conclude something else, fine, but this is what comes out of well established science.

So, there we got our energy source. Straightforward application of well established theory.

Then, we also know dielectrics break down when a strong enough electric field is applied to the dielectric. What happens then is that you get ionization and the dielectric (locally) becomes a conducting plasma, whereby electrons are freed and the energy needed to accomplish that is provided by the electric field. All plain established theory.

In other words: what hypothesis are you talking about?

There is NONE!

So, what do you expect me to test?

Coulombs law?

Dielectric breakdown in water?

The propagation speed of the electric field?

-:-

As for what is keeping me for demonstrating it, I am not a good builder and this is not a simple project to do. The tubes need to be acoustically tuned and you work with explosive gasses, so it needs to be a high quality build, which requires a lot of craftsmanship to a degree I do not have.

Patrick Kelly's book describes a lot of details and what is required in chapter 10:
http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Chapt10.html

Another restriction is funding. It requires about 500 dollar and I don't have that amount of money available for "hobbies". I have a family to take care of and cannot spare much money for "playing around".

However, I recently met a guy who has the required craftsmanship and will build a fuell cell in the weeks/months ahead.

He is currently building beautiful spark gap enclosures for another experiment:
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/11853-anyone-feels-like-repeating-wheatstones-1834-experiment-disprove-einstein.html

Actually, this experiment is about the last mentioned test. Here we *do* have a hypothesis, namely that there is a real physical aether which supports the propagation of longitudinal dielectric waves. And since a perfectly isotropic elastic material has a Poisson's Ratio of 0.25, we would expect to see a propagation speed of sqrt(3) times c. However, whether or not this hypothesis is correct, does not change Turtur's calculation, so it has no influence on the results presented about Meyer's cell.

Oh yes, I almost forgot. Prof. Turtur already verified the theoretic result of his Coulomb law integration exercise. :)

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiC2IGLl90Q

So, once again, no hypothesis, just plain Electrical Engineering which works as specified, as it should be.

Someone at aetherforce uploaded a pdf version of the capacitor book:
http://keychests.com/~rukpflvqkwk

There is also a file with the original scans:
http://keychests.com/~qtmmyqqtorf

This version is not OCR-ed and is over 110 MB in size. An online OCR version can be found here, as stated before:
http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/book_toc.htm

There's also a copy at my site, in this directory:
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Reference_Material/

I won't point you directly to it, because I prefer you use the keychest file, since the file is 110 MB and there is a limit in how much traffic my site can handle...

Since all the magic happens in the dielectric layers which are grown on the tubes of the fuell cell, it is essential to study electrolytic capacitors and the construction thereof in order to make a succesfull replication of Meyer's system(s), as well as Puharich's, which was very similar:

http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Puharich/

Puharich states a/o the following in his patent:

http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/Puharich/Method%20and%20Apparatus%20for%20splitting%20Water%20Molecules%20-%20OCRed%20-%20US4394230A.pdf

Quote

The metal electrode surfaces of the two electrodes which are in contact with the water are coated with a nickel alloy.

So, Nickel may very well be a much more suitable material to grow dielectric layers than both Stainless Steel and Aluminum, because with Aluminum the electrolyte needs to be maintained in order to prevent the layer from dissolving and with Stainless Steel, the conditioning process appears to be very delicate.

And nickel is also being used in the industry in elelectrolytic capacitors:
http://www.google.com/patents/US7643270
http://www.google.com/patents/US20100202102
http://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS1068375512020020

http://www.saftbatteries.com/technologies_nickel_niccapacitor_455/language/en-us/default.aspx
http://www.anu-co.com/supercap.html

Quote

The Nickel-carbon capacitor is an electrochemical hybrid capacitor in which charge and discharge can be repeated by potassium ions adsorption at the negative electrode, and by electrochemical reaction at the nickel hydroxide positive electrode. The positive electrode is comprised of nickel based materials as for alkaline batteries, and the negative electrode is comprised of carbon materials. The electrolyte used in nickel-carbon capacitor is an alkaline electrolyte as for alkaline batteries.

And many more metals and oxides are used in batteries:
http://www.totalbattery.com/details.asp?id=807


So, there are many details to be filled in regarding the choice of the most suitable metal and electrolyte and to find the best process for growing suitable dielectric layers. I am not a chemist, so my knowledge on that part is limited.

However, I have no doubt that the principle presented in this thread is HOW Meyer and Puharich's cells operated.

Therefore, it's up to all of us to fill in these "details" and engineer a working fuell cell with which we can build a better future for our children and grandchildren. With the information presented in this thread, it is a mere question of time before we will be able to drive our cars on water, heat our homes on water, cook on water and completely eleminate the need for fossil fuel or nuclear power.

Cheers!

-- Arend --

Nickel is also the prime component of LENR (cold-fusion reaction)--a transmutation process that converts Nickel to Copper and releases a substantial quantity of energy in the form of heat.

This undoubtedly leaves me with a question:  Could there be a low energy nuclear reaction taking place that is actually doing the work of splitting the water molecules?

Quote from Dog-One on June 9th, 2013, 10:40 AM

Nickel is also the prime component of LENR (cold-fusion reaction)--a transmutation process that converts Nickel to Copper and releases a substantial quantity of energy in the form of heat.

This undoubtedly leaves me with a question:  Could there be a low energy nuclear reaction taking place that is actually doing the work of splitting the water molecules?

Stan Meyer called it a nuclear reaction.

Quote from Dog-One on June 9th, 2013, 10:40 AM

Nickel is also the prime component of LENR (cold-fusion reaction)--a transmutation process that converts Nickel to Copper and releases a substantial quantity of energy in the form of heat.

This undoubtedly leaves me with a question:  Could there be a low energy nuclear reaction taking place that is actually doing the work of splitting the water molecules?

I took a quick look at WikiPedia and found this:

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-02/uom-mg021012.php

Quote

In previous studies, scientists from the Naval Research Laboratory; ENEA, which is the National Energy Laboratory of Italy; and other scientific teams around the globe have reported observing excess heat effects when hydrogen or deuterium has interacted with palladium, nickel or platinum under certain extreme conditions. However, the researchers do not know how the excess heat is being created, nor can they duplicate the same, exact results on a consistent basis in some of these systems.

"This phenomenon – excess heat being observed during the interaction of these elements – is intriguing, but we don't understand where it is coming from," said David Robertson, professor of chemistry and associate director of research at MURR. "The success rate is about 20 percent, so we know the conditions must be very specific. It's a hit-or-miss reaction, which is the reason why we're trying to understand it, and we're using every tool in the toolbox to find the answer. This gift to Mizzou will help us enhance our resources to find the answers to this phenomenon and potentially uncover the secrets of a new, clean alternative form of energy."

Wikipedia also refers to electrolysis on it's cold fusion page, and it mentions:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_fusion

Quote

The United States Department of Energy organized a special panel to review cold fusion theory and research.[55] The panel issued its report in November 1989, concluding that results as of that date did not present convincing evidence that useful sources of energy would result from the phenomena attributed to cold fusion.[56] The panel noted the large number of failures to replicate excess heat and the greater inconsistency of reports of nuclear reaction byproducts expected by established conjecture. Nuclear fusion of the type postulated would be inconsistent with current understanding and, if verified, would require established conjecture, perhaps even theory itself, to be extended in an unexpected way. The panel was against special funding for cold fusion research, but supported modest funding of "focused experiments within the general funding system."[57] Cold fusion supporters continued to argue that the evidence for excess heat was strong, and in September 1990 the National Cold Fusion Institute listed 92 groups of researchers from 10 different countries that had reported corroborating evidence of excess heat, but they refused to provide any evidence of their own arguing that it could endanger their patents.[58] However, no further DOE nor NSF funding resulted from the panel's recommendation.[59] By this point, however, academic consensus had moved decidedly toward labeling cold fusion as a kind of "pathological science".

I have seen some other references to cold fusion, a/o in relation to "the glow".  Based on this and the above I would say it is much, much more likely that "cold fusion" is in essence some kind of variation of the theory presented in this thread than that it would have anything to do with nuclear fusion.

You see, when you measure some kind of excess energy, you HAVE to find an energy source in order to understand what is going on. Since Turtur's thesis has not been available for very long, one of the most likely possible enrgy sources one would think of is some kind of nuclear process.

However, now that we understand how a polarized dielectric extracts (excess) energy from the vacuum / zp field / aether, one could safely bet a crate of Grolsch that this is the actual energy source "cold fusion" researchers have thus far missed to identify.

I sent an email to Prof. Robertson and pointed him here. I'll let you know if I receive a reply.

I decided to post a thread on physicsforum.com. You see, these guys are supposed to be able to provide one with feedback and discussion.

Well, this is what I posted. The thread was "closed" within half an hour. No explanation, no message why.

http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?p=4413016
-:-
I formulated a theory on how Stan Meyer's "car on water" probably worked.

So far, I have not written a proper paper on it, but published my considerations on Russ Gries' forum:

http://www.open-source-energy.org/fo...d.php?tid=1168

The very foundation of the theory is the question whether or not the "static" electric field is a dynamic or a static force. Tesla said this about this question:

http://www.tuks.nl/Mirror/tfcbooks_Tesla/tesla/1892-02-03.htm

Quote

Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic—and this we know it is, for certain—then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature.

Prof. Claus Turtur wrote a very interesting paper "Conversion of the Vacuum-energy of electromagnetic zero point oscillations into Classical Mechanical Energy". In the chapter "A circulation of energy of the electrostatic field" (pages 10-14), he a/o shows that the propagating electric fields loosed energy (to the vacuum), while apparently the particles (electrons, atom nuclieï, etc) that emit these fields draw energy from somewhere, since they don't loose mass.

He concluded that there is a circulation of energy between the vacuum and these particles and therefore you can in principle tap the energy emitted by particles in the shape of electro-magnetic fields:

http://www.wbabin.net/physics/turtur1e.pdf

When you accept the propagating EM fields to transport energy and you accept particles to somehow draw energy from the vacuum, which they emit in the shape of "static" electro-magnetic fields, then you have a foundation for building devices which draw their energy from the vacuum.

Then, when you have a polarized dielectric, you can create an electric field, whereby the power/energy needed to maintain that field is extracted by the charge carriers within the dielectric from the vacuum for free.

Therefore, I think Stan Meyer created a thin, semi-permanent polarized dielectric layer on his fuell cell tubes, which would be akin to an electret, just as is done in a normal electrolytic capacitor. The only difference is that the dielectric is polarized much more strongly than in a normal electrolytic capacitor by means of polarizing the layer using high voltage spikes.

This way, a very strong electric field is induced in a thin area inside the water around the dielectric, such that the field strength exceeds the dielectric breakdown fieldstrength of water, which then subsequently splits into hydrogen and oxygen.

So, then you have a polarized dielectric which is, according to Turtur, capable of pulling in energy from the vacuum and convert that to electric field energy. And then this energy is converted into a usable fuel by having it split water into hydrogen and oxygen by means of a dielectric breakdown electrolysis process in water.

So, that's my theory in a nutshell. More detail and references to replications of Meyer's cell, electrolytic capacitor theory, other "circumstantial evidence", etc. on the forum linked above.

What do you guys think?

Will this work?

Can anyone shoot this theory to the trash can?

You see, I can't, unless someone is able to come up with proof that the electric field is a static force after all....

Note: I'm only using the pages mentioned of Turtur's theory. His motor, based on a/o this theory, is another subject: http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=261300
-:-

So, you are not allowed to discuss own theories, apparently, and only peer-reviewed journals are acceptable. So, how are you supposed to "peer review" your theory if you are not allowed to discuss it?

Strange fellows...

Update:

Guess what happened?

Quote

Private Message: You have received a notice at Physics Forums

Dear lamare,

You have received a notice at Physics Forums.

Reason:
-------
General Warning

We do not allow a discussion of crackpottery in this forum. Please re-read the PF Rules that you had agreed to.
-------

The guy could have gone to the rules and said "not peer reviewed" or something, but he chose this flattering term.

This is the guy who sent me the message:
http://www.physicsforums.com/member.php?u=6230

My reply:

Quote

Dear ZapperZ,

What particular point makes that you think it deserves the flattering term "crackpottery"?

I fully understand that all theories which violate the basic law of conversion of energy deserve that term, even though I do not like calling someone names, especially on a physics forum.

However, this is not one of those. I do hold a Masters Degree in Electrical Engineering, and Prof. Turtur, well, is a Professor in Electrical Engineering.

So, I find it remarkable that you choose to issue me a warning for "crackpottery", while you could have also used something like "not peer reviewed" or so.

So, the use of your language actually tells more about your prejudice and mindset than about the contents of the work of both me and Claus Turtur.

The only point you may have against this theory is the question whether or not the electric field is static or not. All the rest is just plain math and application of Coulombs law.

When you take a look at this matter, you might just find out that science is still undecided on this matter.

So, what you are doing, is labeling a theory, based on a still undecided physics question, as "crackpottery" for no reason other than that the results go against your expectation, leading to a condition known in psychology as "cognitive dissonance": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance

Very understandable and nothing strange, but not an attitude one would expect from someone who calls himself "physicist", when he is confronted with a theory by two people who have every right to call themselves "experts" on the subject because of their educational track record.

And the interesting thing is that, if only a 1% chance would exist that the electric field indeed is dynamic, statistically speaking it would be a no brainer to invest several millions of dollars into a proper study of this stuff.

However, in the current world, even an open discussion inviting criticism about what may be about the most important discovery is apparently too much too ask already.

Kindest regards,

-- Arend Lammertink, MSc. --

Note that the complete thread has now been removed from the physics forum....


Update 2:

Sent the fellow an additional message I posted this here. I work open source.

I did some searching on Nickel and it's use in electrolytic capacitors. Found the following information, which may be helpful:

http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol8/80506252.pdf

Quote

Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxide and Its Electrochemical Performances

The Ni(OH)2 particles are synthesized by repeated immersion method. The as-prepared particles are Ni(OH)2, which are well dispersed and have a fish-like shape. The electrochemical tests show that the particles have relatively high capacitance and excellent capacitive retention. The good structure and excellent performance suggest its promising application in supercapacitor

http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol4/4081052.pdf

Quote

Electrodeposition of Nickel Hydroxide Films on Nickel Foil and Its Electrochemical Performances for Supercapacitor

Nickel hydroxide was prepared by electrodeposition in Ni(NO3)2 aqueous solution for the electrode materials of supercapacitors. The structure and morphology of products were characterized using Xray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. The experimental results of XRD show that the products are typical α-phase nickel hydroxide.

[...]

Several transition metal oxides and hydroxides have been investigated e.g. NiO [12], CoOx [13], MnO2 [14], Ni(OH)2 [15], Co(OH)2 [16], etc. Among these candidates, Ni(OH)2 is known as a promising electrode material for applications in energy/power storage devices, especially ECs, is attractive in view of its low cost, its well-defined electrochemical redox activity and the possibility of enhanced performance through different preparative method [17-21]. However, only few papers are reported for the capacitive behavior of the Ni(OH)2 up to now [22, 23].

http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=case1232671772

Quote

Surface enhanced nickel and potassium hydroxide have been proven to be a successful electrode and electrolyte of an ultracapacitor, respectively.

http://www.cantecsystems.com/ccrdocs/brief-history-of-supercapacitors.pdf

Quote

A year later the developers had created the first asymmetric EC, one based on a nickel oxyhydroxide positive electrode, potassium hydroxide electrolyte, and an activated carbon negative electrode.

So, Nickel oxides are used in super capacitors and this may give us further clues on how to optimize the "conditioning" process used by Lawton, Ravi and Cramton, as described by Patrick Kelly:

http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/Chapt10.html

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It is absolutely essential that the pipe pairs are “conditioned” as there will be very little gas production until the white conditioning layer is built up on the active surfaces of the pipes. As has already been described, one method is by powering the cell up for a few minutes, and then letting it rest unused for a time before repeating the process. Dr. Cramton emphasises that at least a hundred hours of conditioning will be needed before the gas output volume starts to rise, and it will be three months before the white conditioning layer reaches its full thickness and the gas production rate increases dramatically.

Update: Some more info on Nickel oxides being used in super capacitors:

http://journal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_download.htm?code=B121215

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Supercapacitive Properties of Co-Ni Mixed Oxide Electrode Adopting the Nickel Foam as a Current Collector

Three-dimensional porous nickel foam was used as a current collector to prepare a Co-Ni oxide/Ni foam electrode for a supercapacitor. The synthesized Co-Ni oxide was proven to consist of mixed oxide phases of Co3O4 and NiO. The Co-Ni oxide/Ni foam electrode prepared was characterized by morphological observation, crystalline property analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry for the electrode showed high specific capacitances, such as 936 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 and 566 F g−1 at 200 mV s−1, and a comparatively good cycle performance. These improved results were mainly due to the dimensional stability of the nickel foam and its high electrical contact between the electrode material and the current collector substrate.

http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/1464/3/Narayan.pdf

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New symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors based on  high surface area porous nickel and activated carbon

We have studied some supercapacitor cell assemblies based on high surface area nickel and nickel oxide materials. Both symmetric and asymmetric configurations consisting of nickel and nickel oxide with activated carbon as a negative electrode have been investigated.

http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=case1232671772
http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Womack%20Robin.pdf?case1232671772

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Fabrication of a Surface Enhanced Nickel Ultracapacitor Using a Potassium Hydroxide Electrolyte

Surface enhanced nickel and potassium hydroxide have been proven to be a successful electrode and electrolyte of an ultracapacitor, respectively. The thermal reduction of nickel oxide to form nickel can generate surface enhancement up to one thousand times greater then a nickel substrate that has not been surface enhanced. Three types of nickel oxide samples were prepared: (1) thermal oxidation in air, (2) thick film screen printed nickel oxide and (3) thick film screen printed nickel oxide with a pore former. The effects of the thermal reduction of the nickel oxide were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The specific capacitance of individual nickel electrodes were measured using an oscilloscope in a potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Finally, six surface enhanced nickel electodes were aligned in parallel in order to obtain an estimated capacitance of 75mF compared to an estimated specific capacitance of 0.14mF for a nickel ultracapacitor prior to surface enhancement. Each electrode in both types of ultracapacitors was 1.56cm2 in area. If these ultracapacitors were scaled up, it would be possible to build devices that could be competitive with commercially available ultracapacitors.

http://www.google.com/patents/US5986876
https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US5986876.pdf

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A cermet nickel-oxide electrode 0.35 mm thick has a specific capacity of 0.4 ah/cu.cm. A potassium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 6 mole/l is used as electrolyte, and used as the separator is Kapron cloth 0.2 mm thick.

http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/electrochem/2013/732815/
http://downloads.hindawi.com/isrn/electrochem/2013/732815.pdf

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Although the pulse-current electrodeposition method is a commonly used technique, it has not been widely employed in electrode preparation. This method was applied to sintered nickel electrodes in a nickel salt solution containing additives. The active material that was obtained, nickel hydroxide, was studied using different characterization techniques. Electrodes impregnated with pulse current had higher capacity than those impregnated with continuous current. The active material is homogeneous and compact with optimum loading and good performance during discharge. These characteristics would provide a large amount of energy in a short time due to an increase in the electrode kinetic reaction.

All these pdfs are collected at:
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Reference_Material/Electrolytic_Caps_and_Super_Caps/