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So what’s a gas cluster, and why do we want to use it in a thermodynamic cycle? Are there any examples of this? Why do we even care?
A cluster is a small multi-atom particle, an assembly of atoms that is size-wise between a molecule and a bulk material. The total number of atoms in a cluster range from 3 to 30,000,000 atoms.
Clusters, in general, are some really strange critters. We see, accept and understand the physical properties of the bulk materials around us; the ability of a solid, liquid, or a gas to absorb or reflect light, the color, the electrical conductivity, and the magnetic properties. But as we observe an item that falls into the cluster size classification, the bulk qualities go all to hell. A few examples:Quote from Wikipedia Quote from Wikipedia Quote from Wikipedia A soild, a liquid, a gas, a plasma – yep, the four (fundamental) states of matter:
Source: Wikipedia
But is the Wikipedia image above correct? Do you see what is wrong? Technically, if you can see a cloud, the invisible water vapor has (or is in the process of) condensing to a liquid. It is the tiny droplets of liquid that form the visible ‘fog’ of the cloud.
Okay you say, so what – big damn deal! Well, it is a very noteworthy distinction. Once the invisible water vapor has cooled and condensed into a visible water particle (BTW, huge in comparison to a water cluster) the latent heat of vaporization (970.4 btu/lb) has been removed from the water vapor. It is also worth noting that the volume (at 1 atmosphere) has decreased by a factor of 1700.
Removing the heat of vaporization to condense water vapor thus reducing the volume, and then adding the heat of vaporization to water to produce water vapor (steam) is the basic thermodynamic (Rankine) cycle that is used to produce 90% of the electrical power worldwide.
So the changes of state between the four fundamental states of matter is well known.
But what about them clusters? Where to they fit in?
On the grand scheme of things, clusters are considered a low energy state. Imagine, for the moment, that a water vapor, to water cluster, to water vapor, type cycle was a low energy process, much much less than 970.4 btu/lb. But volume wise, on par with the water/steam ratio (and without the increase in temperature). What then?. Wouldn’t that make for a good thermodynamic cycle? Possibly a cycle that takes less energy than the Rankin cycle?
Well, that can’t be allowed. Why physicists and engineers worldwide would be getting their panties in a wad over something like that. It is just downright outrageous!
But.
It could just explain some of the unusual benefits seen with Brown,s gas. It could it explain the Richard Clem engine, and it could explain the Papp engine (both versions).
Brown’s gas. There is a lot of work going on with Brown’s gas, aka HHO. For example, combustion of Brown’s gas has more energy output than simply combusting plain ‘tank hydrogen’ and ‘tank oxygen’ gases mixed together. To explain this, attention is being directed towards the Rydberg cluster, one of the byproducts of the electrolysis of water.
But if this byproduct does a similar burst in volume as, for example, an injected water fog, but with out the addition of 970.4 btu/lb of heat, would that not explain the extra energy output?
What’s a Richard Clem engine?
My friend Ed Hemphill asked me to have a look at the Richard Clem engine.
http://keelynet.com/energy/clemindex.htm
A somewhat similar story as the Papp story. Prototypes were built and demonstrated, the inner workings were kept secret, and the guy up and died, took the secrets to the grave. But if you read the pages from the “clemindex” page above, you will get a better picture of the whole story. In particular, look at the patent that was found and believed to be the ‘asphalt pump’ that started the whole invention cycle.
It seems like a silly and inefficient way to pump something, it causes to much heat from the viscous fluid friction. But if you got to pump AND heat asphalt, well, why not. So pump asphalt, or Crisco, what difference does it make, it goes in one end and oozes out the other, just hotter. Big deal – that was my first reaction. But, once spinning, pumping, and heating, it is supposed to continue to run, and start producing power, kinda like a turbine. Well, if that’s the case, somewhere between the inlet part of the cone and the outlet of the cone, there better be a huge increase in volume of something. The liquid will expand a tiny bit, but that’s not gonna do it, we need a gas, and lots of it.
This is how I think it works. First, the artist conception of the thing is just ‘speculation by committee’ on how it could be working, so don’t view the drawings as an absolute accurate design. Get rid of the auxiliary pump. The cone pump needs to be started by turning the shaft. Once primed, the cone will pump from the small end to the large end, all while heating the liquid (Crisco). The folks that picked up on the cavitation are partially correct, because creating the cavitation in the small end of the cone, with the cooler oil is critical in producing gas clusters from the oil vapor. The vertical design may aid in the cavitation effect just from the vertical column of oil that the pump has to lift.
Before going any further, I will explain some of the properties that I believe pertain to gas clusters. Gas clusters tend to want to form at low (relative) temperatures, and also at low pressures. (As opposed to liquefaction of a gas at low temperature and high pressures.) Next, gas clusters tend to come apart at the seams (partially, or completely) at higher temperatures and higher pressures. If the volume they are expanding in is allowed to expand, then the clusters tend to want to reform. If the volume they are expanding in is NOT allowed to expand, then the clusters tend to go critical, and continue to expand to the point of no return. (Think Papp's cannon test, but more on that later)
Now, back to the spinning cone. Cavitation in the small and cooler section of the cone forms gas clusters from the oil. The more the cavitation, the better. At some stage along the cone, as the pressure and temperature increases, the cluster formation/growth stops. With additional increases in temperature and pressure, the clusters come apart and expand (they do not detonate and cause an increase in temperature). This causes a massive expansion of gas within the liquid, the exit pressure being whatever the cone pump can produce, and the volume (and resulting exit velocity) much much more than the inlet volume.
I believe that the Clem engine is possibly one the best examples of using low energy gas clusters in a thermodynamic cycle. A turbine that produces, expands and extracts energy from the gas clusters, all with one moving part. Oh, now add the auxiliary pump for the heat exchanger loop, to provide cool oil to the cone pump sump.
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EDIT: 28 Feb 2013
I found this video presentation by Moray B. King.
The Papp engine is at 14 minutes, 30 seconds
The Clem engine is at 28 minutes, 40 seconds.
Enjoy!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEb2xMBRiHo
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EDIT: 19 April 2013
Before making a case for gas clusters as the working system within the Papp engine, we must first build a case against the current entrenched thinking.
Therefore, please read: http://open-source-energy.org/?tid=1020&pid=14593#pid14593
kcd
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
So what’s a gas cluster, and why do we want to use it in a thermodynamic cycle? Are there any examples of this? Why do we even care?
A cluster is a small multi-atom particle, an assembly of atoms that is size-wise between a molecule and a bulk material. The total number of atoms in a cluster range from 3 to 30,000,000 atoms.
Clusters, in general, are some really strange critters. We see, accept and understand the physical properties of the bulk materials around us; the ability of a solid, liquid, or a gas to absorb or reflect light, the color, the electrical conductivity, and the magnetic properties. But as we observe an item that falls into the cluster size classification, the bulk qualities go all to hell. A few examples:
It was found that collective phenomena break down for very small cluster sizes. It turned out, for example, that small clusters of a ferromagnetic material are super-paramagnetic rather than ferromagnetic.
For example gold nanoparticles appear deep red to black in solution. Nanoparticles of usually yellow gold and grey silicon are red in color. Gold nanoparticles melt at much lower temperatures (~300 °C for 2.5 nm size) than the gold slabs (1064 °C)..
Moreover, nanoparticles have been found to impart some extra properties to various day to day products. For example the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles imparts what we call the self-cleaning effect, and the size being nano-range, the particles can not be observed. Zinc oxide particles have been found to have superior UV blocking properties compared to its bulk substitute. This is one of the reasons why it is often used in the preparation of sunscreen lotions, and is completely photostable.
Source: WikipediaBut is the Wikipedia image above correct? Do you see what is wrong? Technically, if you can see a cloud, the invisible water vapor has (or is in the process of) condensing to a liquid. It is the tiny droplets of liquid that form the visible ‘fog’ of the cloud.
Okay you say, so what – big damn deal! Well, it is a very noteworthy distinction. Once the invisible water vapor has cooled and condensed into a visible water particle (BTW, huge in comparison to a water cluster) the latent heat of vaporization (970.4 btu/lb) has been removed from the water vapor. It is also worth noting that the volume (at 1 atmosphere) has decreased by a factor of 1700.
Removing the heat of vaporization to condense water vapor thus reducing the volume, and then adding the heat of vaporization to water to produce water vapor (steam) is the basic thermodynamic (Rankine) cycle that is used to produce 90% of the electrical power worldwide.
So the changes of state between the four fundamental states of matter is well known.
But what about them clusters? Where to they fit in?
On the grand scheme of things, clusters are considered a low energy state. Imagine, for the moment, that a water vapor, to water cluster, to water vapor, type cycle was a low energy process, much much less than 970.4 btu/lb. But volume wise, on par with the water/steam ratio (and without the increase in temperature). What then?. Wouldn’t that make for a good thermodynamic cycle? Possibly a cycle that takes less energy than the Rankin cycle?
Well, that can’t be allowed. Why physicists and engineers worldwide would be getting their panties in a wad over something like that. It is just downright outrageous!
But.
It could just explain some of the unusual benefits seen with Brown,s gas. It could it explain the Richard Clem engine, and it could explain the Papp engine (both versions).
Brown’s gas. There is a lot of work going on with Brown’s gas, aka HHO. For example, combustion of Brown’s gas has more energy output than simply combusting plain ‘tank hydrogen’ and ‘tank oxygen’ gases mixed together. To explain this, attention is being directed towards the Rydberg cluster, one of the byproducts of the electrolysis of water.
But if this byproduct does a similar burst in volume as, for example, an injected water fog, but with out the addition of 970.4 btu/lb of heat, would that not explain the extra energy output?
What’s a Richard Clem engine?
My friend Ed Hemphill asked me to have a look at the Richard Clem engine.
http://keelynet.com/energy/clemindex.htm
A somewhat similar story as the Papp story. Prototypes were built and demonstrated, the inner workings were kept secret, and the guy up and died, took the secrets to the grave. But if you read the pages from the “clemindex” page above, you will get a better picture of the whole story. In particular, look at the patent that was found and believed to be the ‘asphalt pump’ that started the whole invention cycle.
It seems like a silly and inefficient way to pump something, it causes to much heat from the viscous fluid friction. But if you got to pump AND heat asphalt, well, why not. So pump asphalt, or Crisco, what difference does it make, it goes in one end and oozes out the other, just hotter. Big deal – that was my first reaction. But, once spinning, pumping, and heating, it is supposed to continue to run, and start producing power, kinda like a turbine. Well, if that’s the case, somewhere between the inlet part of the cone and the outlet of the cone, there better be a huge increase in volume of something. The liquid will expand a tiny bit, but that’s not gonna do it, we need a gas, and lots of it.
This is how I think it works. First, the artist conception of the thing is just ‘speculation by committee’ on how it could be working, so don’t view the drawings as an absolute accurate design. Get rid of the auxiliary pump. The cone pump needs to be started by turning the shaft. Once primed, the cone will pump from the small end to the large end, all while heating the liquid (Crisco). The folks that picked up on the cavitation are partially correct, because creating the cavitation in the small end of the cone, with the cooler oil is critical in producing gas clusters from the oil vapor. The vertical design may aid in the cavitation effect just from the vertical column of oil that the pump has to lift.
Before going any further, I will explain some of the properties that I believe pertain to gas clusters. Gas clusters tend to want to form at low (relative) temperatures, and also at low pressures. (As opposed to liquefaction of a gas at low temperature and high pressures.) Next, gas clusters tend to come apart at the seams (partially, or completely) at higher temperatures and higher pressures. If the volume they are expanding in is allowed to expand, then the clusters tend to want to reform. If the volume they are expanding in is NOT allowed to expand, then the clusters tend to go critical, and continue to expand to the point of no return. (Think Papp's cannon test, but more on that later)
Now, back to the spinning cone. Cavitation in the small and cooler section of the cone forms gas clusters from the oil. The more the cavitation, the better. At some stage along the cone, as the pressure and temperature increases, the cluster formation/growth stops. With additional increases in temperature and pressure, the clusters come apart and expand (they do not detonate and cause an increase in temperature). This causes a massive expansion of gas within the liquid, the exit pressure being whatever the cone pump can produce, and the volume (and resulting exit velocity) much much more than the inlet volume.
I believe that the Clem engine is possibly one the best examples of using low energy gas clusters in a thermodynamic cycle. A turbine that produces, expands and extracts energy from the gas clusters, all with one moving part. Oh, now add the auxiliary pump for the heat exchanger loop, to provide cool oil to the cone pump sump.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
EDIT: 28 Feb 2013
I found this video presentation by Moray B. King.
The Papp engine is at 14 minutes, 30 seconds
The Clem engine is at 28 minutes, 40 seconds.
Enjoy!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEb2xMBRiHo
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
EDIT: 19 April 2013
Before making a case for gas clusters as the working system within the Papp engine, we must first build a case against the current entrenched thinking.
Therefore, please read: http://open-source-energy.org/?tid=1020&pid=14593#pid14593
kcd
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////