I don't necessarily subscribe to Randall Mills' Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics... what's tripping me up is that he insists there is no quantum vacuum zero point energy field (which would imply that pair production cannot occur, and quark confinement cannot exist) and no virtual photons (which would imply that there is no magnetism, given that virtual photons mediate magnetism), when we know that the quantum vacuum exists, as do virtual photons... Chalmers University in 2011 used a SQUID to accelerate virtual photons from the quantum vacuum until they were concretized as actual photons. That's empirical corroboration of the existence of the quantum vacuum, virtual photons and thus the mass-to-energy equivalency (given that one can concretize invariant-mass matter with more energy input to the SQUID). And of course, we know that virtual photons mediate magnetism... photons mediate the EM fundamental force.
Further, he seems to keep rewriting his science... in his book (2010 version, page 1543), he wrote:Quote but now he claims that his science predicted the discovery of the Higgs boson. That's a huge red flag.
Further, he's stated that his purported hydrino (a lower-energy state of hydrogen, according to him) is a more stable state of hydrogen than regular hydrogen... if it were more stable, hydrogen across the universe would have become his purported 'hydrino' long ago and stayed that way... the universe seeks to minimize its energy, after all, and a more stable state implies exactly that. Usually the 1s state of an atom cannot be breached unless it is driven there by an external force because it is below the ground state of the universe, the quantum vacuum... in his arguing against the quantum vacuum, he's arguing in essence that outer space in the absence of invariant-mass matter and near no stars is at absolute zero! We know it's at 2.74 K because of the quantum vacuum energy. He's also arguing against universal expansion being driven by the field radiation pressure of the quantum vacuum... physicists now confirm that 'dark energy' is the quantum vacuum energy, while solving the cosmological constant problem.
In his paper here, he states:Quote We know that orbiting electrons emit virtual photons (magnetism) in all orbital shells, this is the underlying reason why all invariant-mass matter exhibits magnetism (usually diamagnetism, although certain valence shell electron arrangements exhibit ferromagnetism which overpowers the underlying diamagnetism inherent in all invariant-mass matter). So there are no "non-radiative states", there are only states in which the emission and absorption are balanced... a "net-zero emission".
Besides, what he wrote above can be more accurately written as:
"An electron in orbit about its nucleus absorbs in-phase constructively-interfering quantum vacuum wave modes which, at the 1s orbital and in a locally non-excited quantum vacuum, exactly equals the energy emitted via virtual photons (magnetism) as Boyer, NASA and Haisch and Ibison showed."
It's not that the bound electrons aren't always radiating virtual photons, because they are (hence the diamagnetism which all invariant-mass matter exhibits)... but in a locally non-excited quantum vacuum and at the 1s orbital, emission and absorption of energy are exactly balanced, giving a 'net-zero emission'... thus the quantum vacuum underpins the stability of all invariant-mass matter.
He also appears to assume that the orbital shell number is the integer number of de Broglie wavelengths in an electron's orbit (an electron's orbit must consist of an integer number of de Broglie wavelengths or it sets up a destructive-interference which reduces orbital radius until an integer number of de Broglie wavelengths exist in the orbit)... it's not. Just because the 1s orbital is denoted by orbital shell number n=1 doesn't mean that there's only one de Broglie wavelength in its orbital. If you artificially reduce the energy level of the ground state of the quantum vacuum (as in a Casimir cavity), electron orbital radius will decrease (for the reason outlined above)... this has also been empirically proven by Haisch and Moddel and NASA.
He bashes the Copenhagen Interpretation's explanation of electron quantum state as being a probability distribution (I don't necessarily agree with the Copenhagen Interpretation, either... it leads to mysticism such as that consciousness is necessary for wave-function collapse, which we know is not true... it's simply that all 'untrue' eigenstates fall away such that reality is reflected by the existing eigenstate... and reality exists whether a consciousness is there to measure it or not), then goes on to describe his "orbital spheres" as "Extended Probabilities", which are essentially the same thing as the Copenhagen Interpretation's probability distribution! So I get whiffs of Wheeleresque redefinition and misappropriation of already-established scientific concepts here. That's another huge red flag.
There's no need to hypothesize hydrinos or fractional principle quantum numbers, as Mills does:Quote Quantum mechanics explains electron orbital radius reduction below 1s state in an artificially-lowered quantum ground state (as in a Casimir cavity) without the need for new particles.
Further, Mills claims his hypothetical hydrinos have been empirically observed by Harvard Center for Astrophysics, but their web page makes no mention of what would be a monumental discovery.
Even further, Mills claims his hypothetical hydrinos are dark matter... except dark matter doesn't interact with bright matter (the matter we see all around us in the universe), nor with the EM fundamental force (and thus not with light, which is why it's called dark matter)... yet he claims his hydrinos are chemically active (can undergo chemical or nuclear interaction with bright matter, which relies upon the EM fundamental force)... he can't have it both ways.
Anyway:
http://www.brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Free-Air-TNT-Analysis.pdf
According to Brilliant Light Power (formerly Blacklight Power), using a hydrated silver pellet weighing 70 mg, consisting of 0.1166 mg H2O and 69.8834 mg Ag, and hitting the pellet with 22kA at < 15 V, they obtained 44,870 J/g of energy, which is 9.7543 times the power density of TNT.
That's a little misleading, though... they claim 44,870 J/g from the water, with a total J/g of only 74.741, or a total of 5231.87 J... they couch their results in terms of power density (how quickly the energy is released), rather than energy density (how much actual energy is released)... which is another huge red flag.
They claim 20 Joules of initiation energy input, so that'd mean at 22 kA and <15 volts, the current was flowing for less than 0.000060606060605 seconds (60,606.060605 nanoseconds, 60.606060605 microseconds, 0.060606060605 milliseconds).
It should be noted that NASA took a flyer on Blacklight Power and investigated building a rocket based upon the concept (although the researchers stuck to quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon):
http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/752Marchese.pdf
Prior research by other groups outlined in the PDF file above in the early 1990's also showed the emission band broadening (Doppler broadening) reported by Mills et. al., so this has been known about for years... it's due to collisional radiationless transition (one molecular species which has a high vibrational quantum state excitation imparts that energy to the translational energy of another molecular species via collision), which causes a wide quasi-continua emission band of hydrogen (receiving its translational energy from the vibrational quantum state energy of helium or neon, in the case of Brilliant Light Power's earlier experiments... or sodium transferring its vibrational quantum state to hydrogen in the case of their later experiments... or nickel-aluminum alloy transferring its vibrational quantum state energy to hydrogen's translational energy in the case of their other experiments... or silver transferring its vibrational quantum state to hydrogen in their latest experiments... they seem to be able to find the effect in anything they try, which seems odd) rather than the usual sharply-defined emission spectrum. Nothing new there except its potential use as a rocket by NASA.Quote from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision-induced_absorption_and_emission It seems to be pretty straightforward... for a high voltage between the electrodes of the hollow cathode gas cell, it causes a capacitive effect which locally reduces quantum vacuum ground state below its normal ground state (as happens in every capacitor... that's the reason a capacitor works the way it does).Quote The artificially lowered quantum vacuum ground state causes electron orbital radius reduction of the hydrogen gas. Thus the hydrogen gas gives off photons. When the high voltage is switched off, the hydrogen gas regains its usual electron orbital radius by absorbing energy from the (now restored to normal ground state) quantum vacuum.
For a low-voltage, high-amperage arc discharge, it is the intense magnetic field of the arc discharge which locally artificially reduces the quantum vacuum below its ground state (which is why Mills et. al. are using a magnetic pinch in the first place to trigger the phenomenon), reducing electron orbital radius, thus causing the electron to give off a photon. When the arc stops, the quantum vacuum ground state is restored to normal, the electron absorbs energy from the quantum vacuum, and thus electron orbital radius of the hydrogen gas is restored.
You'll note the Brilliant Light Power concept has never been run in continuous mode, and it never will be. It's a batch process. In fact, the same could be done much more efficiently by cycling on and off a high electric field in the vicinity of the hydrogen gas, with no electrical discharge arc required.
It's essentially the same concept used by Haisch and Moddel (artificially reduce quantum vacuum ground state to trigger an artificial Lamb Shift and thus force the orbiting electron to give off a photon, then restore quantum vacuum to its normal ground state so the orbiting electron can absorb energy from the quantum vacuum to regain its usual orbital radius), just using a different means to achieve the same ends. Haisch and Moddel do it via a series of Casimir cavities, whereas Mills et. al. do it via a magnetic pinch.
But that certainly lends credence to my idea here.
Further, he seems to keep rewriting his science... in his book (2010 version, page 1543), he wrote:
These results demonstrate that a hypothetical particle dubbed the Higgs boson {...} will not be observed in experiments performed at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), or any future collider.
Further, he's stated that his purported hydrino (a lower-energy state of hydrogen, according to him) is a more stable state of hydrogen than regular hydrogen... if it were more stable, hydrogen across the universe would have become his purported 'hydrino' long ago and stayed that way... the universe seeks to minimize its energy, after all, and a more stable state implies exactly that. Usually the 1s state of an atom cannot be breached unless it is driven there by an external force because it is below the ground state of the universe, the quantum vacuum... in his arguing against the quantum vacuum, he's arguing in essence that outer space in the absence of invariant-mass matter and near no stars is at absolute zero! We know it's at 2.74 K because of the quantum vacuum energy. He's also arguing against universal expansion being driven by the field radiation pressure of the quantum vacuum... physicists now confirm that 'dark energy' is the quantum vacuum energy, while solving the cosmological constant problem.
In his paper here, he states:
For non-radiative states, the current-density function must NOT possess spacetime Fourier components that are synchronous with waves traveling at the speed of light.
Besides, what he wrote above can be more accurately written as:
"An electron in orbit about its nucleus absorbs in-phase constructively-interfering quantum vacuum wave modes which, at the 1s orbital and in a locally non-excited quantum vacuum, exactly equals the energy emitted via virtual photons (magnetism) as Boyer, NASA and Haisch and Ibison showed."
It's not that the bound electrons aren't always radiating virtual photons, because they are (hence the diamagnetism which all invariant-mass matter exhibits)... but in a locally non-excited quantum vacuum and at the 1s orbital, emission and absorption of energy are exactly balanced, giving a 'net-zero emission'... thus the quantum vacuum underpins the stability of all invariant-mass matter.
He also appears to assume that the orbital shell number is the integer number of de Broglie wavelengths in an electron's orbit (an electron's orbit must consist of an integer number of de Broglie wavelengths or it sets up a destructive-interference which reduces orbital radius until an integer number of de Broglie wavelengths exist in the orbit)... it's not. Just because the 1s orbital is denoted by orbital shell number n=1 doesn't mean that there's only one de Broglie wavelength in its orbital. If you artificially reduce the energy level of the ground state of the quantum vacuum (as in a Casimir cavity), electron orbital radius will decrease (for the reason outlined above)... this has also been empirically proven by Haisch and Moddel and NASA.
He bashes the Copenhagen Interpretation's explanation of electron quantum state as being a probability distribution (I don't necessarily agree with the Copenhagen Interpretation, either... it leads to mysticism such as that consciousness is necessary for wave-function collapse, which we know is not true... it's simply that all 'untrue' eigenstates fall away such that reality is reflected by the existing eigenstate... and reality exists whether a consciousness is there to measure it or not), then goes on to describe his "orbital spheres" as "Extended Probabilities", which are essentially the same thing as the Copenhagen Interpretation's probability distribution! So I get whiffs of Wheeleresque redefinition and misappropriation of already-established scientific concepts here. That's another huge red flag.
There's no need to hypothesize hydrinos or fractional principle quantum numbers, as Mills does:
Our safe, non-polluting power-producing system catalytically converts the hydrogen of the H2O-based solid fuel into a non-polluting product, lower-energy state hydrogen called “Hydrino”, by allowing the electrons to fall to smaller radii around the nucleus.
Further, Mills claims his hypothetical hydrinos have been empirically observed by Harvard Center for Astrophysics, but their web page makes no mention of what would be a monumental discovery.
Even further, Mills claims his hypothetical hydrinos are dark matter... except dark matter doesn't interact with bright matter (the matter we see all around us in the universe), nor with the EM fundamental force (and thus not with light, which is why it's called dark matter)... yet he claims his hydrinos are chemically active (can undergo chemical or nuclear interaction with bright matter, which relies upon the EM fundamental force)... he can't have it both ways.
Anyway:
http://www.brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Free-Air-TNT-Analysis.pdf
According to Brilliant Light Power (formerly Blacklight Power), using a hydrated silver pellet weighing 70 mg, consisting of 0.1166 mg H2O and 69.8834 mg Ag, and hitting the pellet with 22kA at < 15 V, they obtained 44,870 J/g of energy, which is 9.7543 times the power density of TNT.
That's a little misleading, though... they claim 44,870 J/g from the water, with a total J/g of only 74.741, or a total of 5231.87 J... they couch their results in terms of power density (how quickly the energy is released), rather than energy density (how much actual energy is released)... which is another huge red flag.
They claim 20 Joules of initiation energy input, so that'd mean at 22 kA and <15 volts, the current was flowing for less than 0.000060606060605 seconds (60,606.060605 nanoseconds, 60.606060605 microseconds, 0.060606060605 milliseconds).
It should be noted that NASA took a flyer on Blacklight Power and investigated building a rocket based upon the concept (although the researchers stuck to quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon):
http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/752Marchese.pdf
Prior research by other groups outlined in the PDF file above in the early 1990's also showed the emission band broadening (Doppler broadening) reported by Mills et. al., so this has been known about for years... it's due to collisional radiationless transition (one molecular species which has a high vibrational quantum state excitation imparts that energy to the translational energy of another molecular species via collision), which causes a wide quasi-continua emission band of hydrogen (receiving its translational energy from the vibrational quantum state energy of helium or neon, in the case of Brilliant Light Power's earlier experiments... or sodium transferring its vibrational quantum state to hydrogen in the case of their later experiments... or nickel-aluminum alloy transferring its vibrational quantum state energy to hydrogen's translational energy in the case of their other experiments... or silver transferring its vibrational quantum state to hydrogen in their latest experiments... they seem to be able to find the effect in anything they try, which seems odd) rather than the usual sharply-defined emission spectrum. Nothing new there except its potential use as a rocket by NASA.
Molecular fly-by collisions take little time, something like 10−13 s. Optical transition of collisional complexes of molecules generate spectral "lines" that are very broad - roughly five orders of magnitude broader than the most familiar "ordinary" spectral lines (Heisenberg's uncertainty relation). The resulting spectral "lines" usually strongly overlap so that collision-induced spectral bands typically appear as continua (as opposed to the bands of often discernible lines of ordinary molecules).
I've been reading:
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1106.3996v1.pdf
It says that as QVZPE field density is reduced, capacitance between two plates decreases. Thus if QVZPE field density is increased, capacitance increases.
This is apparently due to the QVZPE field aligning virtual fermion-antifermion dipole pairs, which accounts for capacitance. Thus in a perfect vacuum (no matter, no QVZPE field), electrical capacitance cannot exist.
For a low-voltage, high-amperage arc discharge, it is the intense magnetic field of the arc discharge which locally artificially reduces the quantum vacuum below its ground state (which is why Mills et. al. are using a magnetic pinch in the first place to trigger the phenomenon), reducing electron orbital radius, thus causing the electron to give off a photon. When the arc stops, the quantum vacuum ground state is restored to normal, the electron absorbs energy from the quantum vacuum, and thus electron orbital radius of the hydrogen gas is restored.
You'll note the Brilliant Light Power concept has never been run in continuous mode, and it never will be. It's a batch process. In fact, the same could be done much more efficiently by cycling on and off a high electric field in the vicinity of the hydrogen gas, with no electrical discharge arc required.
It's essentially the same concept used by Haisch and Moddel (artificially reduce quantum vacuum ground state to trigger an artificial Lamb Shift and thus force the orbiting electron to give off a photon, then restore quantum vacuum to its normal ground state so the orbiting electron can absorb energy from the quantum vacuum to regain its usual orbital radius), just using a different means to achieve the same ends. Haisch and Moddel do it via a series of Casimir cavities, whereas Mills et. al. do it via a magnetic pinch.
But that certainly lends credence to my idea here.