There seems to be an understanding going off lately on the forum and I think people are beginning to grasp what the pulsed square wave has to offer the world in transformers, because people are beginning to understand it then they will not need to copy other people's patents in order to be able to acheive what they want from the square wave. This thread will cover what we know about the square wave and how it can be applied.
A normal sine wave
The problem with a normal sine wave is that it has two 180 degree phases where the load is reflected back at the source. It doesn't matter how you configure it, there are no gaps or opportunties to have the freedom to collect energy without the load impedance reflecting back at the source. It has 100% changing fields, current is always changing, voltage always changing and the only stable area is the very top of the voltage and current amplitude where for a split second it is neither rising nor falling. AC is efficient at moving current and voltage down a conductor at low loss but no good to us at anything else.
The square wave
The reason the square wave is important and of use to us is because during 180 degrees of the source signal, there is a time gap where the load impedance is not reflected back at the source, of course this is not always true because we know that a transformer that is pulsed with a square wave can spend energy during the 180 degree's of the time off period that can purge more energy out of the next 180 degree's of pulse on. So the transformer can go into negative offset in some respects.
But if you follow a certain set of rules you can avoid offset issues and you can spend the voltages without the current being affected.
The golden rules are as follows:
1. The energy of the 180 degree's of pulse on must only be used as a magnetising force for any transformer core. That means the core that the line signal is directly driving or any additional cores connected to it. The magnetising force must be the only energy you spend from the source signal and the impedance of that magnetising force will be always be reflected back at the source impedance. Regardless of what anyone tells you, you will always use current in magnetising force and it cannot be retrieved.
2. When those cores are being energised by the 180 degree's of pulse on, there must be no load on any of the secondaries on those cores unless they drive an additional core. They must appear 'open circuit' to the source impedance.
3. In order for any secondary load on any transformer core to appear 'open circuit' for the above function it must not operate at all at the line frequency. This means that if you are driving the transformer core at 5khz then a secondary load must show an open circuit at that frequency. If you have a transformer core driven at 5khz and a secondary on that core drives another core such as a choke, the chokes output must show an open circuit to the input impedance. If any equipment, reactive or not operates efficiently at the drive frequency of 5khz on a secondary or additional cores then that equipment's power factor will be reflected back at the source impedance.
4. During the 180 degrees of pulse off there is an opportunity to remove the voltage from any secondary coils or additional transformer cores that were driven by a secondary coil at the line impedance.
So lets say for example you had a transformer core (Core A) with a primary and two secondaries S1 and S2 that was driven at 5khz. The first secondary (S1) had a load which appeared 'open circuit' to the primary and no energy was used in that secondary. You can now allow that secondary to discharge its voltage 180 degrees out of phase to the line voltage if it was placed that way on the core, but the frequency at which it discharges that voltage must increase to take advantage of the 180 degree time period of pulse off. So setting up an LC circuit with a capacitor that is much higher than the line frequency gives you ample time and placing a diode in that circuit also increase the frequency and creates an LC bias in which the cap will step charge.
Now, the other secondary (S2) on our Core A we used in a different way, we allowed it to be in phase with the primary and we placed a load on it. The load was an inductor on a seperate core (Core B) and we used in phase energy from S2 to magnetise that core but the load on that inductor showed open circuit at the 5khz line frequency.
Again we can allow the energy stored in that inductor to form at LC circuit with a capacitor and use a diode to increase the frequency and store energy on the cap.
Open circuit and high impedance
When we've talked about open circuits on this thread, we've talked about them as if they are completely open circuit with no load or any kind of short circuit/resistance etc, but in actual fact they are not open circuit but only appear this way compared with the line input impedance.
For example, lets say the line impedance was 50ohms at 5khz, the series circuit presents a figure that is in the mega ohms at 5khz and appears almost an open circuit BUT presents a series circuit at 10khz that is resonant with a secondary or choke and is 1.2 mega ohms.
So you see that you can make circuits behave differently at different impedances and you can make transformers believe there is hardly any load at 5khz of the 180 degrees of pulse on time then offload their voltage during pulse off time in a resonant circuit that has a finite impedance.
A normal sine wave
The problem with a normal sine wave is that it has two 180 degree phases where the load is reflected back at the source. It doesn't matter how you configure it, there are no gaps or opportunties to have the freedom to collect energy without the load impedance reflecting back at the source. It has 100% changing fields, current is always changing, voltage always changing and the only stable area is the very top of the voltage and current amplitude where for a split second it is neither rising nor falling. AC is efficient at moving current and voltage down a conductor at low loss but no good to us at anything else.
The square wave
The reason the square wave is important and of use to us is because during 180 degrees of the source signal, there is a time gap where the load impedance is not reflected back at the source, of course this is not always true because we know that a transformer that is pulsed with a square wave can spend energy during the 180 degree's of the time off period that can purge more energy out of the next 180 degree's of pulse on. So the transformer can go into negative offset in some respects.
But if you follow a certain set of rules you can avoid offset issues and you can spend the voltages without the current being affected.
The golden rules are as follows:
1. The energy of the 180 degree's of pulse on must only be used as a magnetising force for any transformer core. That means the core that the line signal is directly driving or any additional cores connected to it. The magnetising force must be the only energy you spend from the source signal and the impedance of that magnetising force will be always be reflected back at the source impedance. Regardless of what anyone tells you, you will always use current in magnetising force and it cannot be retrieved.
2. When those cores are being energised by the 180 degree's of pulse on, there must be no load on any of the secondaries on those cores unless they drive an additional core. They must appear 'open circuit' to the source impedance.
3. In order for any secondary load on any transformer core to appear 'open circuit' for the above function it must not operate at all at the line frequency. This means that if you are driving the transformer core at 5khz then a secondary load must show an open circuit at that frequency. If you have a transformer core driven at 5khz and a secondary on that core drives another core such as a choke, the chokes output must show an open circuit to the input impedance. If any equipment, reactive or not operates efficiently at the drive frequency of 5khz on a secondary or additional cores then that equipment's power factor will be reflected back at the source impedance.
4. During the 180 degrees of pulse off there is an opportunity to remove the voltage from any secondary coils or additional transformer cores that were driven by a secondary coil at the line impedance.
So lets say for example you had a transformer core (Core A) with a primary and two secondaries S1 and S2 that was driven at 5khz. The first secondary (S1) had a load which appeared 'open circuit' to the primary and no energy was used in that secondary. You can now allow that secondary to discharge its voltage 180 degrees out of phase to the line voltage if it was placed that way on the core, but the frequency at which it discharges that voltage must increase to take advantage of the 180 degree time period of pulse off. So setting up an LC circuit with a capacitor that is much higher than the line frequency gives you ample time and placing a diode in that circuit also increase the frequency and creates an LC bias in which the cap will step charge.
Now, the other secondary (S2) on our Core A we used in a different way, we allowed it to be in phase with the primary and we placed a load on it. The load was an inductor on a seperate core (Core B) and we used in phase energy from S2 to magnetise that core but the load on that inductor showed open circuit at the 5khz line frequency.
Again we can allow the energy stored in that inductor to form at LC circuit with a capacitor and use a diode to increase the frequency and store energy on the cap.
Open circuit and high impedance
When we've talked about open circuits on this thread, we've talked about them as if they are completely open circuit with no load or any kind of short circuit/resistance etc, but in actual fact they are not open circuit but only appear this way compared with the line input impedance.
For example, lets say the line impedance was 50ohms at 5khz, the series circuit presents a figure that is in the mega ohms at 5khz and appears almost an open circuit BUT presents a series circuit at 10khz that is resonant with a secondary or choke and is 1.2 mega ohms.
So you see that you can make circuits behave differently at different impedances and you can make transformers believe there is hardly any load at 5khz of the 180 degrees of pulse on time then offload their voltage during pulse off time in a resonant circuit that has a finite impedance.