Yeah, sounds weird, but apparently when the electromagnetic fundamental force symmetry-breaks into the electronic and magnetic forces (the underlying phenomenon which causes superconductivity), photons hitting that superconductor also acquire mass. This makes it energetically unfavorable for magnetism to exist inside a superconductor... the Meissner Effect isn't the material of the superconductor "rejecting" magnetic fields, it's just that the magnetic component of the EM fundamental force is traded for invariant mass via symmetry breaking... it is, quite literally, a perfect example of E2=P2c2+m2c4.
Because a photon usually consists of an electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each other and alternating oppositely-phased,
this makes the photon follow a straight line (actually, it follows the curvature of space-time, but for the purposes of discussion we'll consider it a straight line)... remove the magnetic field, and that electric field has nothing pulling it back into line, thus it forms a vortex.
{That graphic above isn't 100% correct. The electric and magnetic fields alternate such that when the electric is peaked, the magnetic is nulled, and vice versa. It's literally cycling the energy of the photon between the electric field and the magnetic field successively. The way most graphics show it, the photon would be cycling between zero and twice its energy with each half-cycle.}
It's a geometrical transform from a sinusoidal to a circular motion... the electric and magnetic sinusoids kept the vector of the photon in a straight line by mutual successive cancellation, but removing the magnetic sinusoid transforms that electric sinusoid into a circle, given that a sinusoid is a circular function to begin with.
As another aside, if you go to http://www.desmos.com/calculator, you can use LaTeX notation to see for yourself that a sinusoid is a circular function, using the following LaTeX code:
f\left(x\right)=S_{ize}\cdot \sin \left(x-x_{pos}\right)+y_{pos}\left\{x_{pos}<x<x_{pos}+r_{ad}\right\}
S_{ize}=1
x_{pos}=0
y_{pos}=0
r_{ad}=5.23599
S_{ize}^2=\left(x-x_{pos}\right)^2+\left(y-y_{pos}\right)^2
Table 1:
x_{pos} y_{pos}
S_{ize}+x_{pos} y_{pos}
x_{pos} y_{pos}
S_{ize}\cdot \cos \left(r_{ad}\right)+x_{pos} S_{ize}\cdot \sin \left(r_{ad}\right)+y_{pos}
Table 2:
x_{pos} y_{pos}
S_{ize}\cdot \cos \left(r_{ad}\right)+x_{pos} y_{pos}
S_{ize}\cdot \cos \left(r_{ad}\right)+x_{pos} S_{ize}\cdot \sin \left(r_{ad}\right)+y_{pos}
y=S_{ize}\cdot \sin \left(r_{ad}\right)+y_{pos}\left\{S_{ize}\cdot \cos \left(r_{ad}\right)+x_{pos}<x<r_{ad}+x_{pos}\right\}
\left(x_{pos},y_{pos}\right)
Just put each line into its own separate code line (and the entries for the two tables into the respective tables), and you should see something like this:
The first video is from the Vega Science Trust, a lecture given at the Royal Institution by Dr. Akira Tonomura (from the Hitachi Advanced Research Lab). I can't find a YouTube copy. It shows video of the vortexes on the surface of a superconductor:
http://videos.vega.org.uk/vri4tonomura.mp4
This video shows vortexes on the surface of a superconductor, as well:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxVqO5zPmvU
These videos are about Dr. Akira Tonomura, the first man to experimentally confirm the Aharanov-Bohm Effect and the man who developed the electron holography scanning microscope, with which the vortexes are shown in the videos above:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mypzz99_MrM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoy59E1nJ24
Because the invariant mass is so small for typical photon energies, as soon as temperature goes back above the critical temperature, the photons lose that mass and regain the magnetic component of their EM field... but if a photon of sufficient energy were subjected to such conditions, it would remain as invariant mass, because the vacuum polarization of that mass would keep it concretized. This could explain the origin of some cosmic rays, as well as the reason behind why photons seem to have a maximum observable energy... higher energy photons acquire mass and become what we perceive as cosmic rays.
It is this knowledge that led to the hypothesis that a cosmic superconductivity existed, lending mass to the W and Z bosons, and allowing an explanation of quark and lepton mass. That's what led to the discovery of the Higgs field and Higgs boson.
Now think about what causes superconductivity... ultra-cold temperature. The temperature in outer space is ~2.725 K, just 2.725 degrees above absolute zero.
Could the 'missing mass' problem be answered by the fact that photons acquire mass in the cold vacuum of space? Because that would mean that photons are, quite literally, that long-sought 'dark matter'. There is a search on for a "dark photon", but thus far they're using hot collisions... in order to see the effect, I'm betting they need to take the particle accelerator below the critical temperature into the superconductivity range to mimic the conditions in space. They cool the accelerator magnets, but not the ring. I'm not even sure if there is enough refrigeration capacity on the planet to get an entire ring that cold.
In much the same vein, the quantum vacuum (that universal pool of entropied EM energy) being a cold plasma, combined with the well-known phenomenon of EM frequencies above the plasma frequency experiencing a negative index of refraction, causing their wavelengths to lengthen while their frequencies remain unchanged, which allows those EM frequencies above the plasma frequency to travel faster than the speed of light through that medium. Since the quantum vacuum is a universe-pervading plasma, it is the medium which sets c, the speed of light, in much the same way as a pane of glass is the medium which sets the speed of light through that pane of glass. Thus, the field radiation pressure of those EM frequencies traveling faster than c could explain universal expansion >c. This would make the quantum vacuum zero point energy field that long-sought 'dark energy', while also possibly explaining the vacuum catastrophe.
https://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1146666.files/IV-4-SpontaneousSymmetryBreaking.pdf
http://web.mit.edu/8.701/www/Lecture%20Notes/8.701originsOfMass04FA13.pdf
Because a photon usually consists of an electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each other and alternating oppositely-phased,
this makes the photon follow a straight line (actually, it follows the curvature of space-time, but for the purposes of discussion we'll consider it a straight line)... remove the magnetic field, and that electric field has nothing pulling it back into line, thus it forms a vortex.
{That graphic above isn't 100% correct. The electric and magnetic fields alternate such that when the electric is peaked, the magnetic is nulled, and vice versa. It's literally cycling the energy of the photon between the electric field and the magnetic field successively. The way most graphics show it, the photon would be cycling between zero and twice its energy with each half-cycle.}
It's a geometrical transform from a sinusoidal to a circular motion... the electric and magnetic sinusoids kept the vector of the photon in a straight line by mutual successive cancellation, but removing the magnetic sinusoid transforms that electric sinusoid into a circle, given that a sinusoid is a circular function to begin with.
As another aside, if you go to http://www.desmos.com/calculator, you can use LaTeX notation to see for yourself that a sinusoid is a circular function, using the following LaTeX code:
f\left(x\right)=S_{ize}\cdot \sin \left(x-x_{pos}\right)+y_{pos}\left\{x_{pos}<x<x_{pos}+r_{ad}\right\}
S_{ize}=1
x_{pos}=0
y_{pos}=0
r_{ad}=5.23599
S_{ize}^2=\left(x-x_{pos}\right)^2+\left(y-y_{pos}\right)^2
Table 1:
x_{pos} y_{pos}
S_{ize}+x_{pos} y_{pos}
x_{pos} y_{pos}
S_{ize}\cdot \cos \left(r_{ad}\right)+x_{pos} S_{ize}\cdot \sin \left(r_{ad}\right)+y_{pos}
Table 2:
x_{pos} y_{pos}
S_{ize}\cdot \cos \left(r_{ad}\right)+x_{pos} y_{pos}
S_{ize}\cdot \cos \left(r_{ad}\right)+x_{pos} S_{ize}\cdot \sin \left(r_{ad}\right)+y_{pos}
y=S_{ize}\cdot \sin \left(r_{ad}\right)+y_{pos}\left\{S_{ize}\cdot \cos \left(r_{ad}\right)+x_{pos}<x<r_{ad}+x_{pos}\right\}
\left(x_{pos},y_{pos}\right)
Just put each line into its own separate code line (and the entries for the two tables into the respective tables), and you should see something like this:
The first video is from the Vega Science Trust, a lecture given at the Royal Institution by Dr. Akira Tonomura (from the Hitachi Advanced Research Lab). I can't find a YouTube copy. It shows video of the vortexes on the surface of a superconductor:
http://videos.vega.org.uk/vri4tonomura.mp4
This video shows vortexes on the surface of a superconductor, as well:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxVqO5zPmvU
These videos are about Dr. Akira Tonomura, the first man to experimentally confirm the Aharanov-Bohm Effect and the man who developed the electron holography scanning microscope, with which the vortexes are shown in the videos above:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mypzz99_MrM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoy59E1nJ24
Because the invariant mass is so small for typical photon energies, as soon as temperature goes back above the critical temperature, the photons lose that mass and regain the magnetic component of their EM field... but if a photon of sufficient energy were subjected to such conditions, it would remain as invariant mass, because the vacuum polarization of that mass would keep it concretized. This could explain the origin of some cosmic rays, as well as the reason behind why photons seem to have a maximum observable energy... higher energy photons acquire mass and become what we perceive as cosmic rays.
It is this knowledge that led to the hypothesis that a cosmic superconductivity existed, lending mass to the W and Z bosons, and allowing an explanation of quark and lepton mass. That's what led to the discovery of the Higgs field and Higgs boson.
Now think about what causes superconductivity... ultra-cold temperature. The temperature in outer space is ~2.725 K, just 2.725 degrees above absolute zero.
Could the 'missing mass' problem be answered by the fact that photons acquire mass in the cold vacuum of space? Because that would mean that photons are, quite literally, that long-sought 'dark matter'. There is a search on for a "dark photon", but thus far they're using hot collisions... in order to see the effect, I'm betting they need to take the particle accelerator below the critical temperature into the superconductivity range to mimic the conditions in space. They cool the accelerator magnets, but not the ring. I'm not even sure if there is enough refrigeration capacity on the planet to get an entire ring that cold.
In much the same vein, the quantum vacuum (that universal pool of entropied EM energy) being a cold plasma, combined with the well-known phenomenon of EM frequencies above the plasma frequency experiencing a negative index of refraction, causing their wavelengths to lengthen while their frequencies remain unchanged, which allows those EM frequencies above the plasma frequency to travel faster than the speed of light through that medium. Since the quantum vacuum is a universe-pervading plasma, it is the medium which sets c, the speed of light, in much the same way as a pane of glass is the medium which sets the speed of light through that pane of glass. Thus, the field radiation pressure of those EM frequencies traveling faster than c could explain universal expansion >c. This would make the quantum vacuum zero point energy field that long-sought 'dark energy', while also possibly explaining the vacuum catastrophe.
https://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1146666.files/IV-4-SpontaneousSymmetryBreaking.pdf
http://web.mit.edu/8.701/www/Lecture%20Notes/8.701originsOfMass04FA13.pdf