Axil, before LENR takes-off in full furry, is there anything to some of the latest experiments with NMR? People studying the NMR phenomena declare the reactive material as fuel, which got me thinking... Just how similar at the core is NMR and LENR? Do you suppose there is more than just a link here? Maybe it is actually the same thing?
If you mean NMR as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, then you are right in general, but the devil is in the details and there are tons of details. Let us talk about some of the more important details here below.
A magnetic field is the cause for the fusion of nuclei, but it is not the very weak magnetic fields seen in MRIs. These weak fields are only in the single digits in tesla strength. The magnetic fields seen in the nickel/hydrogen LENR reactor get up to 10^16 (1,000,000,000,000,000) tesla at the atomic scale. DGT has reported a magnetic field of 1.6 tesla at a distance of 20 centimeters from the reaction volume. Now that is an amazing field strength when all the Ni/H reactor is doing in heating up a pile of nickel dust. That 10^16 teals is about as strong a magnetic field as you will see anywhere in the universe, far bigger than any black hole or neutron star can produce.
The set of mechanisms whereby the magnetic field interacts with the vacuum and the nucleus is many faceted, complex, obscure, uncorrelated and hard to understand.
Let me give you a taste for example, results from the Large Hadron Collider show asymmetries because of magnetic effects: CP violations.
CP_violationHeavy ion collisions show these large magnetic effects during the formation of the quark-gluon plasma
The Chiral Magnetic Effect and Anomaly-Induced TransportAbstract
The Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) is the phenomenon of electric charge separation along the external magnetic field that is induced by the chirality imbalance. The CME is a macroscopic quantum effect - it is a manifestation of the chiral anomaly creating a collective motion in Dirac sea. Because the chirality imbalance is related to the global topology of gauge fields, the CME current is topologically protected and hence non-dissipative even in the presence of strong interactions. As a result, the CME and related quantum phenomena affect the hydrodynamical and transport behavior of systems possessing chiral fermions, from the quark-gluon plasma to chiral materials.
The goal of the present review is to provide an elementary introduction into the main ideas underlying the physics of CME, a historical perspective, and a guide to the rapidly growing literature on this topic.
There is a lot of work being done by astrophysicists in the area of nuclear reactions on the surface of neutron stars and black holes involving high magnetic fields. There seems to be a threshold value of 10^16 Tesla involved for vacuum breakdown where the most intense magnetic effects take hold
How is this huge magnetic field produced?
The Ni/H reactor design allows for a huge amplification factor of dipole charge separation and EMF concentration, produced by many nanoparticles forming a particle aggregation.
An important problem in ’plasmonics’ is the question of how a collection of micro and nano particles should be designed and arranged with respect to each other to produce the strongest possible EMF field enhancement.
The micro particle
To build a great LENR reactor, you need to fabricate a great primary micro particle: the backbone of your system; you need a 5 micron micro particle dressed out completely with nano-hair.
Such a particle looks like a sea urchin or if your were a star trek fan, a tribble
The industry standard name for this type of particle is an “inorganic particle”.
The nanoparticle formula for this type of particle that has already been developed is TM6CyHz, where TM is transition metal (molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium), C is chalcogen (sulfur, selenium, tellurium), H is halogen (iodine).
Some of the elements that this particle is made of is low temperature and won't hold up to the high heat that LENR can produce.
To use the high heat and the associated thermodynamic efficiency that go along with it you need to use top of the line refractory elements.
So for the ideal micro-particle, I like a Tungsten micro particle body with a silicon carbide nanowire substrate covering and then an outer sprinkling of nanowire outer coating of tungsten through vapor disposition. We can't do better than that.
If I were in the W/H (W for tungsten) reactor building business, I would submit the specification for the fabrication of this particle to these venders
http://www.nanochemistry.it/NPsuppliers.htmlI would hope that one of these vendors could meet the challenge to build the best.
If you want to take on this task as the dominant builder of the best LENR reactor around, I encourage you to be the best that you can be.
Next, the nanoparticle aggregation
A solution to this problem used in the Ni/H reactor is the configuration of a self-similar chain of particles with decreasing diameters
K. Li, M. I. Stockman, and D. J. Bergman.Self-similar chain of metal nanospheres as an efficient nanolens.Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 227402 (2003).Self-similarity requires that radii Ri and the distances di,i+1 of the spheres i and i+1 are connected by the simple relations Ri+1 = •Ri and di+1,i+2 = •kdi,i+1 where • k<< 1. The last condition ensures that the field of a given nanoparticle is only a weak perturbation of the previous, bigger particle. The self-similarity is not a necessary condition but it allows for an elegant notation. All particles are considered in the electrostatic limit.
Now, if each of the particles enhances its driving field by a certain factor (a), then the cumulative effect of the chain of particles is a field enhancement on the order of (a)n where n is the number of particles. In other words, the enhanced field of the largest particle acts as an excitation field for the next smaller particle. The resulting enhanced field of this second particle then acts as the excitation field for the next smaller particle, and so on. For the system depicted in Fig. 12.23 of
Chapter 12 - Surface plasmonsassuming a moderate a » 10, leads to a total field enhancement of »1000 (every factor of 10 particles produces an enhancement of 1000 or 10 to the power of 3). As we will see in the following section, field enhancements of at least 1000 are necessary to observe the Raman scattering of single molecules adsorbed onto rough metal structures.
Assume the largest particle is 7*10^^-6 (7 microns) and the smallest is a nanometer or 10^^-9 , then the size difference is 1.4 * 10^^4
There is a particle size amplification of about 10000. If there are 10,000 nanoparticles in the chain, there will be 1000 to the power of 3 particle enhancement factor or 1,000,000,000.
That is a total enhancement factor of 10,000,000,000,000. Add the million amp nanowire enhancement at the tip of the nanowire hair covering of a micro particle in with the particle number/size enhancement in a pile of nano-particles and you get a big number.