Introduction


HHO contain nanoparticles produced during its generation. It is these nanoparticles that produce the excess energy see when HHO is used. If it is OK with you all, I will my the case for nanoparticles as the source for HHO energy. If we understand how HHO works, it may lead us to better engineering solutions in its use.

 A good way to start out this series of posts is to get a background on Pseudo-Particles and Nanoplasmonics.

Fusion by Pseudo-Particles

Part 1
Part 2
Part 3

Water clusters are generated in two ways, by cavitation, and by spark discharge in water. It appears that the HHO electrolytic process also produces water clusters.



Water Cluster

Mark LeClair thinks he has discovered water crystals produced through cavitation.



But this particular water crystal is just one of a large array of possible crystal configurations.

More water clusters

More examples

Struture and stability of water clusters

With all this having been said, when HHO is produced water dust is formed and floats in the gas flow. These clusters make Low Energy Nanoplasmonic Reactions (LENR) possible.

Some great research Axil.  I particularly like the concept of surface needles.  Seems as if one could manufacture a surface at a microscopic level consisting of an array of these needles, this cathode surface would allow for highly efficient electrolysis.  What I think I'm still missing though (maybe an animation would help) is how these needles create the water clusters.  I can somewhat picture it happening in my mind, but it would be interesting to actually see it and be able to calculate the forces at work.

Why is a HHO flame able to vaporize tungsten and yet will not burn the skin of your hand.

Vaporizing tungsten

The HHO gas stream contains solid crystals of water. These crystals act like nano lenses that concentrate infrared light in the boundary layer between a shiny metal surface and a dielectric gas like hydrogen or oxygen. The science that studies this effect is called nanoplasmonics.

The heat energy is confined to the metal surface and locked in(AKA dark mode) and concentrated there like in a EMF black hole.

The metal surface is said to have a negative coefficient of reflectivity.  This keeps the heat from leaving the metal surface. In this way the heat energy builds up to huge temperatures to the point where it will vaporize tungsten.

The skin on your hand has a positive index of reflectivity; it is not shiny. The heat from hydrogen combustion is not confined to the surface of your skin and can escape to the surrounding air. So you will not be readily burned by the HHO flame.

This is a basic LENR effect (aka  Evanescent Wave) of energy concentration and focusing. This indicates that the upper temperature limit of the LENR effect is beyond the temperature required to vaporize tungsten (5930 °C, 10706 °F)

On the other hand, the combustion temperature of hydrogen is only 2,660 °C with oxygen.

Water burns steel

On the downside, spark ignition of HHO does not use the LENR effect of the evanescent wave.

So burning hydrogen in oxygen is only combustion and not LENR.

 

Axil, I have an HHO torch and have spent countless hours observing these effects first hand.  Welding brass to concrete is always a hoot--people can't believe it until they see it.  The one effect I cannot explain, maybe you can help me with:  Glass.  It instantly explodes into tiny fragments on contact.  Is there something about the crystal like structure of glass that is extremely volatile when exposed to a Hydroxy gas torch?   I thought it was simply because I wasn't warming the glass and the rapid change in temperature and expansion was causing the effect, but I tried many times to slowly heat the glass and get it glowing.  It's simply not possible with my torch.  The glass will retain only two forms:  Cool and untouched or in shards.  You simply cannot warm it up.  When the heat (flame distance) gets to a certain point, the glass disassembles itself.  If you could walk through an explanation of this effect, I sure would be curious to understand it better.

My reply is directed mostly to axils post.


On the downside, spark ignition of HHO does not use the LENR effect of the evanescent wave.

So burning hydrogen in oxygen is only combustion and not LENR.

I get conflicting information with hho either combusting or does it implode. And if it implodes does compressing more volume of hho gas make the implosion even greater.

I know , I'm replying to my own reply. As far as hho imploding I have witnessed signs of implosion mostly in small amounts like igniting the bubbles at the top of an open cell. I have also blown the covers off of small plastic jars used as a bubbler. Could there be some of both happening? Maybe it is pressure sensitive, or volume sensitive to under  a certain pressure  it implodes.I have read some comments  that hho implodes and by adding it to  the vacuum stream of the engine it counter acts the explosion, and to make it work you would have to design the engine to work as a pulling force instead of a pushing force. Do you think this is a true statement ? I'm just trying to get the basics right.

Quote from Enrg4life on March 18th, 2014, 06:50 AM

I know , I'm replying to my own reply. As far as hho imploding I have witnessed signs of implosion mostly in small amounts like igniting the bubbles at the top of an open cell. I have also blown the covers off of small plastic jars used as a bubbler. Could there be some of both happening? Maybe it is pressure sensitive, or volume sensitive to under  a certain pressure  it implodes.I have read some comments  that hho implodes and by adding it to  the vacuum stream of the engine it counter acts the explosion, and to make it work you would have to design the engine to work as a pulling force instead of a pushing force. Do you think this is a true statement ? I'm just trying to get the basics right.

What causes HHO explosive/implosive reaction is the same mechanism the makes the Papp engine function. In fact, Papp’s first patent for his engine was a “closed” HHO engine, where a fixed amount of water never exited the piston. What is commonly understood today as a HHO engine is an open engine design, where water in the form of HHO is continually fed into the engine.

In the experiments conducted by Russ on the Papp engine (the Popper), the Plasma both expanded and then contracted with considerable force driven by a spark discharge.

This is a result of the way nano crystals explode and then reform under the influence of pulsed Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. This is a well understood process in current science.

I will explain this process in all its complexity shortly in a subsequent post.

Thanks Axil,
 I remember seeing Russ's Popper with the Noble gases experiment, I didn't catch the part that he did with hho  in it.
I appreciate all your efforts.
Craig

Quote from Enrg4life on March 18th, 2014, 09:00 AM

Thanks Axil,
 I remember seeing Russ's Popper with the Noble gases experiment, I didn't catch the part that he did with hho  in it.
I appreciate all your efforts.
Craig

Russ never used HHO, but he did use hydrogen. Papp used HHO in his first engine patented in the 1970s. The noble gas engine was patented in the middle of the 1980s.

I wonder if he would be willing to do th Popper  test with hho in it.

What do you say Russ?

HHO presentation from Moray King


That is good stuff.

Some information on HHO from Moray King. I like the idea of isolating the water clusters through hydrogen evaporation. Or maybe use a molecular sleeve to trap the water clusters.


That would be a good test of the nano crystal theory of LENR when used to excite a catalytic converter into combustion by using only nano particles and not hydrogen.

Quote from Matt Watts on March 16th, 2014, 04:05 PM

Some great research Axil.  I particularly like the concept of surface needles.  Seems as if one could manufacture a surface at a microscopic level consisting of an array of these needles, this cathode surface would allow for highly efficient electrolysis.  What I think I'm still missing though (maybe an animation would help) is how these needles create the water clusters.  I can somewhat picture it happening in my mind, but it would be interesting to actually see it and be able to calculate the forces at work.

Surface plasmon polaritons

Quote

One of the current big things in optics is plasmonics. At their heart, surface plasmon polaritons are a combination of light waves and electron motion. What makes this combination attractive is that the electron motion is rather slow, so the speed of a plasmon is quite a bit slower than the speed of light. As a result, the wavelength of the plasmon is much shorter than that of the freely moving light wave. This compression makes the electric fields associated with the plasmon very intense and very local.

Essentially, a plasmon mimics all the nice attributes of a much higher frequency light wave without the inconvenience of actually having to work with light at that frequency.

Let's dive a little deeper into what they are and how they are made: when we shine light on a metal, the electrons respond and start to oscillate. But, the oscillations occur in place. The electrons move, but their distribution doesn't vanish and reappear in another place; instead, these oscillations never go anywhere and die in place.

Sometimes, conditions can be arranged so that the light field and the electrons oscillate in just the right way. When this happens, the electron distribution moves along the surface in a coherent oscillation that carries the energy that was in the electromagnetic field with it. In more specific terms, the momentum carried by the electrons along the surface matches that carried by the photons in the direction parallel to the surface.

This only occurs under specific conditions. One must choose the right metal with the right thickness, sitting on the right transparent substrate (the material on both sides of the metallic layer need to be correctly chosen). In addition, the color of the light, the polarization of the light, and the light beam's angle of incidence must all be chosen correctly.

The downside is that the electrons are moving through a metal. There are lots of atomic cores around, arranged on a crystalline lattice. But there are always defects, crystal boundaries, and the like. The result is that the electrons are continually colliding with stuff and losing energy, which means that surface plasmon polaritons don't travel very far at all.

But, it is their sensitivity, not their longevity, that has driven the application of surface plasmon polaritons.

Because polaritons are bosons, they can be compressed in unlimited numbers. At a very sharp point or in a nano cavity, their strength can accumulate up to a 1,000,000 amps in just a volume of just a cubic nanometer. The EMF power that these black holes of EMF produce is enough to disrupt the vacuum and produce nuclear reactions through the condensation of pions (aka p-mesons).

But polaritons are not long lived. They must be pumped by the liberal application of a continuous and heavy dose of electrons and light (infrared). 

The designers of the various types of LENR reactor have this polariton requirement figured out and will release a number of products by years end based on this technology.

Quote from Axil on March 17th, 2014, 08:02 PM

Why is a HHO flame able to vaporize tungsten and yet will not burn the skin of your hand.

Vaporizing tungsten

The HHO gas stream contains solid crystals of water. These crystals act like nano lenses that concentrate infrared light in the boundary layer between a shiny metal surface and a dielectric gas like hydrogen or oxygen. The science that studies this effect is called nanoplasmonics.

The heat energy is confined to the metal surface and locked in (AKA dark mode) and concentrated there like in a EMF black hole.

The metal surface is said to have a negative coefficient of reflectivity.  This keeps the heat from leaving the metal surface. In this way the heat energy builds up to huge temperatures to the point where it will vaporize tungsten.

The skin on your hand has a positive index of reflectivity; it is not shiny. The heat from hydrogen combustion is not confined to the surface of your skin and can escape to the surrounding air. So you will not be readily burned by the HHO flame.

How does that effect the metal inside an engine when HHO is burnt in the cylinder? Would it be better to prep the surfaces with some sort of coating with a positive coefficient of reflectivity, so as to reflect that heat back into the cylinder where it can do more useful work expanding the gasses?

Quote from Axil on March 17th, 2014, 08:02 PM

On the downside, spark ignition of HHO does not use the LENR effect of the evanescent wave.

So burning hydrogen in oxygen is only combustion and not LENR.

Assuming I'm correct in assuming that the cylinder surfaces would need to be prepped with a positive coefficient of reflectivity substance, what would turn it into a LENR process in-cylinder?

Quote from Matt Watts on March 16th, 2014, 04:05 PM

Some great research Axil.  I particularly like the concept of surface needles.  Seems as if one could manufacture a surface at a microscopic level consisting of an array of these needles, this cathode surface would allow for highly efficient electrolysis.  What I think I'm still missing though (maybe an animation would help) is how these needles create the water clusters.  I can somewhat picture it happening in my mind, but it would be interesting to actually see it and be able to calculate the forces at work.

Here's the complete explanation as to how that works. The Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research figured it out, and you're right, it does require a "groomed" surface... what you call 'needles' they call 'terraces':
http://open-source-energy.org/?topic=89.msg29870#msg29870

It works by inducing the water molecule to attach to the hydrophilic platinum surface due to charge differential, then when water undergoes its natural process of deprotonation (which it does all the time as the water molecules exchange hydrogens amongst themselves), the angle at which the water molecules are hanging off the edges of these 'terraces' makes it energetically preferable for the proton (remember, hydrogen is just one proton and one electron... the hydrogen swapping that water does all the time is really just the protons moving from water molecule to water molecule) to be adsorbed by the platinum rather than re-protonated by another water molecule.

Because the nuclear binding energy and the dissociation constant of water is identical (which is unique to water), when the water deprotonates, it also simultaneously undergoes dissociation. Usually it almost immediately undergoes reprotonation (re-association? de-dissociation?), but with the platinum adsorbing those protons, it can't... thus the water spontaneously dissociates with very little to no external energy input, depending upon the size of the water cluster. If you can get the water into a 4, 6 or 12 molecule lattice, it's a very slightly exothermic reaction... meaning it gives off energy as the water dissociates.

And we already know how to get the water into a 6 molecule cluster or lattice... magnesium hexahydrate (Mg[H₂O]₆²⁺).

The Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research states in their report that the energy required to accomplish all this comes from ZPE.