As Papp's secret should be mostly in his gasmix, we should take time to chew on his mixing apparatus. What is it made of, what are its functions, what can we learn from it?
And, do we really need to build the whole thing his way or can we do with testing some sub reactions?
If we look at the patent about the mixer, it is a daunting challenge to get a grip on what's happening. How to slice it down into chewable packets?
====Lets dump the whole info "pile o'shyte" under this line ==============
FIGS. 17A-17D are schematic diagrams of a fuel mixer of the present invention;
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FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of the mixing chamber portion of the fuel mixer shown in FIGS. 17A-17D;
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FIGS. 19A-19E are schematic diagrams of a portion of the electrical circuitry of the fuel mixer shown in FIGS. 17A-17D;
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FIGS. 20A-20F are schematic diagrams of the rest of the electrical circuitry of the fuel mixer shown in FIGS. 17A-17D.
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Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.
The working fluid and the fuel for the engine are one and the same and consist of a mixture of inert gases, which mixture consists essentially of helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon. It is preferred that the mixture contain 35.6% helium, 26.3% neon, 16.9% argon, 12.7% krypton, and 8.5% xenon by volume, it having been calculated that this particular mixture gives the maximum operation time without refueling. Generally, the initial mixture may contain, by volume, approximately 36% helium, approximately 26% neon, approximately 17% argon, approximately 13% krypton, and approximately 8% xenon. This mixture results from a calculation that equalizes the total charge for each of the gases used after compensating for the fact that one inert gas, viz. randon, is not used. The foregoing is confirmed by a spectroscopic flashing, described infra, that occurs during the mixing process. If one of the gases in the mixture has less than the prescribed percentage, it will become over-excited. Similarly, if one of the gases has more than the prescribed percentage, that gas will be under-excited. These percentages do not vary with the size of the cylinder.
Turning now to FIGS. 17A-17D, there is shown apparatus 201 for preparing the fuel mixture for engine 11. For convenience apparatus 201 is called a mixer although it should be understood that the apparatus not only mixes the gases which form the fuel but also performs many other vital functions as well. The five constituent inert gases are introduced in precise, predetermined proportions. The mixer extracts, filters and neutralizes the non-inert gases and other contaminants which may be found in the gas mixture. It also increases the potential capacity of gas atoms, discharges the krypton and xenon gases, polarizes the argon gases, ionizes the gases in a manner such that the ionization is maintained until the gas has been utilized and otherwise prepares them for use as a fuel in engine 11. In particular, the mixer makes the gases easier to excite during operation of the engine. Mixing does not mean an atomic or molecular combination or unification of gases because inert gases cannot chemically combine, in general, due to the completeness of the outer shell of electrons. During mixing, the various gases form a homogeneous mixture. The mixing of the five inert gases in apparatus 201 is somewhat analogous to preparing a five part liquid chemical mixture by titration. In such a mixture, the proportions of the different chemicals are accurately determined by visually observing the end point of each reaction during titration. In apparatus 201, a visible, spectroscopic flash of light accompanies the desired end point of the introduction of each new gas as it reaches its proper, precalculated proportion. (Each gas has its own distinctive, characteristic, spectroscopic display.) The ends points are theoretically calculated and are determined by pre-set voltages on each of a group of ionizing heads, described infra, in the apparatus.
Mixer 201 includes (see FIG. 17A) an intake port, indicated generally at 203, which during operation is connected to a source 205 of helium gas, a gauge 206, glass tubing 207 comprising a plurality of branches B10-B25 for flow of the gases through the mixer, a plurality of valves V1-V11 in the branches, which valves may be opened or closed as necessary, three gas reservoirs 209, 211 and 213 for storing small quantities of helium, argon and neon gas respectively, an ionizing and filtering unit 215 for filtering undesired non-inert gases and contaminants out of the fuel mixture, for regulating the gas atom electron charge and to absorb the free flowing electrons, a gas flow circulation pump 217, two ionizing heads 219 and 221, and three quality control and exhaust valves V12-V14. The mixer also comprises (see FIG. 17B) a high frequency discharge tube 225, a non-directed cathode ray tube 227, two more ionizing heads 229 and 231, two additional gas reservoirs 233 and 235 for storing small quantities of xenon and krypton, a quadruple magnetic coil 237, a plurality of valves V15-V24, valves V23 and V24 being quality control and exhaust valves, and a plurality of additional glass tubing branches B26-B32.
Turning to FIG. 17C, mixer 201 also includes additional ionizing heads 239, 240 and 241, additional valves V25-V46, V39A and V40A, valves V29 and V32 being quality control and exhaust valves and valve V39A being a check valve, a vacuum and pressure gauge 242 between valves V35 and V36, tubing branches B34-B49 (branch B39 consisting of two parts B39A and B39B), a pair of intake ports 243 and 245 which during operation are connected to sources 247 and 249 of argon and neon gas respectively, gauges 250A and 250B, a spark chamber 251, a hydrogen and oxygen retention chamber 253 containing No. 650 steel dust in a silk filter, an ion gauge 255 (which can be an RG 75K type Ion Gauge from Glass Instruments, Inc. of Pasadena, Calif.) for removing excess inert gases from the mixture, inner and outer coils of glass tubing 257 and 259 surrounding a mixing chamber 261, a focused x-ray tube 263 for subjecting the mixture flowing therethrough to 15-20 millirem alpha radiation and 120-125 millirem beta radiation, a directed cathode ray tube 265, two twin parallel magnetic coils 266 and 267, and a focusing magnetic coil 269. It is important that coils 266 and 267 be immediately adjacent mixing chamber 261. And (see FIG. 17D) the mixer also comprises three more ionizing heads 271, 273 and 275, two entry ports 277 and 279 which during operation are connected to sources 281 and 283 of krypton and xenon respectively, gauges 284A and 284B, a high frequency discharge tube 285, a twin parallel magnetic coil 287 surrounding a polarizer 289 for polarizing the argon, said polarizer containing fine steel particles which are polarized by coils 287 and which in turn polarize argon, a second hydrogen retention chamber 291, a pair of tubing branches B50 and B51, two filters 293 and 295 and a plurality of valves V47-V59, valves V57 and V59 being quality control and exhaust valves.
Inner and outer glass tubing coils 257 and 259 and mixing chamber 261 are shown in cross section in FIG. 18. Intermediate glass coils 257 and 259 are two magnetic coils 297 and 299 having an inductance of approximately 130 mH. A yoke coil 301 is semicircularly disposed around mixing chamber 261. Inside mixing chamber 261 are located a pair of screens 303 and 305, insulators 307 and 309, and a pair of spark gaps indicated generally at 311 and 313. A high frequency amplitude modulated source provides 120 V ac., 60 Hz, 8.4 amp, 560 watt, 27,120 to 40,000 MHz.+-.160 KHz current via heavily insulated wires 315 and 317 to the chamber. These wires are about twelve gauge, like those used as spark plug wires on internal combustion engines. Additionally 95 V direct current is supplied thereto via a smaller (e.g. sixteen to eighteen gauge) insulated wire 319. As described below, the gases to be mixed and prepared flow through chamber 261 and are suitably treated therein by the action of the various fields present in the chamber.
The magnetic coils, ionization heads, and pump 217, along with the required electrical interconnections, are schematically shown in FIGS. 19A-19E. More particularly, heads 239 and 241 are shown in FIG. 19A, as is pump 217. Each ionizing head has two electrodes with a gap therebetween to cause ionization of gases flowing through said head, the electrodes being connected to a source of electrical power. Pump 217 is directly connected to a source of power (either a.c. or d.c. as required by the particular pump being used). The connections between the circuitry on FIG. 19A and that on FIG. 19B are shown as a plug 321, it being understood that this plug represents a suitable one-to-one connection between the lines of FIG. 19A and those of FIG. 19B.
The remaining ionizing heads and all the magnetic coils are shown in FIG. 19B. For clarity, the coils are shown in an unconventional form. Quadruple coil 237 (shown at the top of FIG. 19B) has one side of each winding connected in common but the other sides are connected to different lines. Coil 223 consists of two windings in parallel. Coils 297 and 299, the ones around the mixing chamber, are shown overlapping, it being understood that coil 297 is actually interior of coil 299. Yoke coil 301, as shown, extends half-way from the bottom to the top of coils 297 and 299. Twin parallel magnetic coils 267 are connected in parallel with each other, both sides of focusing coil 269 being connected to one node of coils 267. Likewise coils 287 are connected in parallel. The connections between the lines of FIGS. 19B and those of FIGS. 19C and 19D are shown as plugs 323 and 325, although other suitable one-to-one connections could certainly be made. FIG. 19C shows the interconnecting lines between FIGS. 19B and 19E. A plug 327 or other suitable one-to-one connections connects the lines of FIGS. 19C and 19E.
A plurality of power sources, like the above-mentioned Variacs, of suitable voltages and currents as well as a plurality of relays 329, and plugs 331 are shown on FIGS. 19D and 19E. The connections between these two Figs. is shown as a plug 333. It should be appreciated that the Variacs can be adjusted by the operator as necessary to supply the desired voltages to the aforementioned coils and ionizing heads. It should also be realized that the desired relays can be closed or opened as needed by connecting or disconnecting the two parts of the corresponding plug 331. That is, by use of plugs 331, the operator can control the energizing of the ionizing heads and magnetic coils as desired. Plugs 331 are also an aid in checking to ensure that each component is in operating condition just prior to its use. Of course, the manipulation of the power sources and the relays need not be performed manually; it could be automated.
The remaining circuitry for the mixer is shown on FIGS. 20A-20F. For convenience, plugs 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345 and 347 are shown as connecting the circuitry shown in the various Figs., although other suitable one-to-one connections may be used. The chassis of the apparatus is shown on these Figs. in phantom and is grounded. The power supply for the apparatus is shown in part on FIGS. 20A and 20D and includes an input 349 (see FIG. 20D) which is connected to 120 V, 60 Hz power during operation and an input 351 which is connected to the aforementioned high frequency generator or some other suitable source of approximately 27,120 MHz current. The power supply includes a pair of tuners 353, numerous RLC circuits, a triode 355, a pentode 357 with a ZnS screen, a variable transformer 359, an input control 361, a second variable transformer 363 (see FIG. 20A) which together with a filter 365 forms a 2.0 volts (peak-to-peak) power supply 367, a pentode 369, a variable transformer 371, and a resistor network indicated generally at 373. Exemplary voltages in the power supply during operation are as follows: The anode of triode 355 is at 145 V, the control grid at 135 V and the cathode at -25 V. The voltage at the top of the right-hand winding of transformer 359 is -5 V. The anode of pentode 357 is at 143 V, the top grid is grounded (as is the ZnS screen), the bottom grid is connected to transformer 359, and the control electrode is at 143 V. The input to supply 367 is 143 volts ac while its output, as stated above, is 2 V (peak-to-peak). The anode of pentode 369 is at 60 V, the grids at -1.5 V, the control electrode at 130 V, and the cathode is substantially at ground. And the output of resistor network 373, labelled 375, is at 45 V.
Also shown on FIG. 20D is spark chamber 251. Spark chamber 251 includes a small amount of thorium, indicated at 377, and a plurality of parallel brass plates 379. When the gases in the mixer reach the proper ionization, the alpha particles emitted by the thorium shown up as flashes of light in the spark chamber.
Turning now to FIG. 20B, ionizing and filtering unit 215 includes a pair of conductive supports 381 for a plurality of conductors 383, said supports and conductors being connected to a voltage source, an insulative support 385 for additional conductors 387, and a ZnS screen 388 which emits light when impurities are removed from the gaseous fuel mixture. Unit 215 also includes a second set of interleaved conductors indicated generally at 389, a cold-cathode tube 391, and an x-ray tube indicated generally at 393. Also shown on FIG. 20B is an RLC network 395 which has an output on a line 397 which is at 35 V, this voltage being supplied to the x-ray tube.
High frequency discharge tube 255 (see FIG. 20C) has a conductive electrode 399 at one end to which high frequency current is applied to excite the gases in the mixer, and an electrode/heater arrangement 401 at the other, a voltage of 45 V being applied to an input 402 of said tube. It is desirable that a small quantity of mercury, indicated at 403, be included in tube 225 to promote discharge of the helium gas. Magnetic coils 237 have disposed therein a pair of generally parallel conductors 405 to which a high frequency signal is applied. When gas flows through coils 237 and between parallel conductors 405, therefore, it is subjected to the combination of a DC magnetic field from the coil and high frequency waves from the conductors, which conductors act as transmitting antennas. The resulting high frequency magnetic field causes the atoms to become unstable, which allows the engine to change a given atom's quantum level with much less input power than would normally be required. The volume of each gas atom will also be smaller. Also shown on FIG. 20C is non-directed cathode ray tube 227. The grids of tube 227 are at 145 V, the control electrode is at ground, while the anode is at 35 V to 80 V (peak-to-peak). The purpose of non-directed cathode ray tube 227 is to add photons to the gas mixture. To generate these photons, tube 227 has a two layer ZnS coating indicated generally at 407. Chamber 261, described above, is also shown schematically on FIG. 20C, along with an RLC network 409.
The power supply for the mixer (see the lower halves of FIGS. 20E and 20F) also includes two pentodes 411 and 413, a transformer 415, and a diode tube 417. The control electrode of pentode 411 is at 5 V to 40 V (peak-to-peak), the grids are at 145 V, the anode is at 100 V, and the cathode is at 8 V to 30 V (peak-to-peak). The control electrode of pentode 413 is at 115 V, while its grids and cathode are at -33 V. The anode of tube 413 is connected to transformer 415. Also shown on FIG. 20E are a relay 419 associated with ion gauge 255, and focused x-ray tube 263 associated with ionization head 240. The upper input to tube 263 is at 45 V to 80 V (peak-to-peak).
Turning to FIG. 20F, there is shown tubes 265 and 285. Directed cathode ray tube 265 is a pentode connected like tube 227. High frequency discharge tube 285 includes a phosphor screen and is connected to a high frequency source. Also shown on FIG. 20F is a triode 421 with its anode at 30 V, its cathode at ground, and its control grid at -60 V; a pentode 423 with its anode at 135 V to 1000 V peak to peak, its cathode at ground, its control electrode at 143 V, its grids at 20 V; and a transformer 425. It should be understood that various arrangements of electrical components other than those described above could be designed to perform the same functions.
The operation of the mixer is best understood with reference to FIGS. 17A-17D and is as follows: Before and during operation, the mixer, and particularly chamber 261 is kept hermetically sealed and evacuated. To begin the mixing process, helium is admitted into the mixer via intake port 203. Then a vacuum is again drawn, by a vacuum pump (not shown) connected to valve V38, to flush the chamber. This flushing is repeated several times to completely cleanse the tubing branches of the mixer. The mixer is now ready. The ionization heads next to mixing chamber 261 are connected to a voltage corresponding to approximately 36% of the calculated total ionizing voltage, dc current is allowed to flow through magnetic coils 297 and 299 around chamber 261, and high frequency current is allowed to pass through the mixing chamber. Helium is then slowly admitted, via port 203, into the mixer. From port 203, the helium passes through ionization head 219 into glass tubing coil 259. This glass coil, being outside magnetic coils 297 and 299, is in the diverging portion of a magnetic field. The helium slowly flowing through glass coil 259 is gently excited. From coil 259, the helium flows through branch B45 to ionization head 275 and from there, via branch B28, to ionization head 229 (see FIG. 17B). From head 229, the gas flows through non-directed cathode ray tube 227 to high-frequency discharger 225. The high frequency discharger 225, with heating element, discharges, separates or completely neutralizes the charge of any radioactive and/or cosmic particles that are in the helium atom in addition to the protons, neutrons and electrons. The gas exits discharger 225 via branch B26 and passes to high-frequency discharger 285. The high frequency discharger 285, without heating element, disturbs the frequency of oscillation which binds the gas atoms together. This prepares the helium atoms so that the electrons can more easily be split from the nucleus during the excitation and ignition process in the engine. Discharger 285 includes a phosphorus screen or deposit (similar to the coating on a cathode ray tube) which makes discharges in the tube visible. From discharger 285, the helium passes through directed cathode ray tube 265 and focused x-ray tube 263. Directed cathode ray tube 265 produces cathode rays which oscillate back and forth longitudinally underneath and along the gas carrying tube. Thereafter the helium passes successively through branch B21, ionization head 221, branch B23, twin parallel magnetic coil 266, and branch B25 into mixing chamber 261. Helium flows slowly into and through apparatus 201. The helium atoms become ionized as a result of excitation by magnetic force, high frequency vibrations and charge acquired from the ionization heads. When sufficient helium has entered the apparatus, the ionization energy (which is approximately 36% of the total) is totally absorbed. A spectroscopic flash of light in the mixing chamber signals that the precise, proper quantity of helium has been allowed to enter. The entry of helium is then immediately halted by the closing of valve V3.
The next step in preparing the fuel is to add neon to the mixture. The potential on the relevant ionization heads, particularly head 241 (see FIG. 17C), is raised by the addition of approximately 26% which results in a total of approximately 62% of the total calculated potential and valve V31 is opened, thereby allowing neon to slowly enter the mixer via port 245. This gas passes through branch B36, ionization head 241, and branch B35 directly into the mixing chamber. Since the previously admitted helium is fully charged, the neon absorbs all of the increased ionization potential. As soon as the neon acquires the additional charge, a spectroscopic flash of light occurs and the operator closes valve V31.
In the same manner, the potential on the ionization heads is increased by the addition of approximately 17% for a total of approximately 79% of the total calculated potential and then valve V30 is opened to admit argon into the mixer via port 243. This gas passes through branch B34, ionization head 239, and branch B33 into mixing chamber 261. Again, when the proper amount of argon has been admitted, it emits a spectroscopic flash of light and the operator closes valve V30. Next, the potential on the ionization heads is increased by the addition of approximately 13% to result in a total of approximately 92% of the total calculated potential and valve V58 (see FIG. 17D) is opened to admit krypton into the system. The krypton gas passes through branch B51, ionization head 271 and branch B48 into chamber 261. Upon the emission of a spectroscopic flash of light by the gas, the operator closes valve V58. Finally, the potential on the ionization heads is increased by the addition of approximately 8% which brings the ionization potential to the full 100% of the calculated ionization voltage and valve V56 is opened to admit xenon into the mixer via port 279. This gas passes through branch B50, ionization head 273 and branch B47 to the mixing chamber. When the proper amount of gas has been admitted, a spectroscopic flash of light occurs signalling the operator to close valve V56. Note that there are two filter/absorber units, labelled 253 and 291. Unit 253 is connected to the neon and argon inlet branches B33 and B35 while unit 291 is connected to the krypton and xenon inlet branches B47 and B48. These two units absorb hydrogen residue and immobilize the water vapor created when the pump circulates the gases and generates vacuum states.
After all the gases are admitted in the desired proportions, all the valves are closed. (The mixture in the mixing chamber and in the adjacent tubing is at one atmosphere pressure at this time.) Once this is done, the interval valves of the system are all opened (but the inlet and outlet valves remain closed) to allow the mixture to circulate throughout the tubing as follows: branch B44, magnetic coils 267 and 269, ionization head 240, branch B29, ionization head 231, branch B24, ionization head 219, pump 217, branches B15 and B39A, ionization gauge 255, branches B38 and B42, ionization head 275, branch B28, ionization head 229, non-directed cathode ray tube 227, quadruple magnetic coil 272, ionization head 221, branch B23, twin parallel magnetic coil 266, branch B25 and mixing chamber 261. When this circuit is initially opened, the pressure of the mixture drops 40-50% because some of the tubing had previously been under vacuum. Pump 217 is then started to cause the gases to be slowly and evenly mixed.
Because of dead space in the tubing and the reaction time of the operator, it may occur that the proportions of the gases are not exactly those set forth above. This is remedied during the circulation step. As the gas flows through ionization gauge 255, excess gas is removed from the mixture so that the correct proportions are obtained. To do this the grid of gauge 255 is subjected to 100% ionization energy and is heated to approximately 165.degree. F. This temperature, 165.degree. F. is related to xenon's boiling point of -165.degree. F. in magnitude but is opposite in sign. Xenon is the heaviest of the five inert gases in the mixture. As the gas mixture flows through ionization gauge 255, the gas atoms that are in excess of their prescribed percentages are burned out of the mixture and their charge is acquired by the remaining gas atoms from the grid of the ionization gauge. Because the gases are under a partial vacuum, the ionization gauge is able to adjust the gas percentages very precisely. (Note: The steps described in the last two paragraphs are repeated if the finished gases are rejected in the final quality control step described infra.)
The next step involves purifying the mixture so that only the five inert gases remain, absorbing any free electrons and regulating the electrical charge in the mixture. To do this, the circuit consisting of the following components is opened: Branch B44, magnetic coil 267, magnetic coil 269, ionization head 240, branch B29, ionization head 231, branch B24, ionization head 219, pump 217, branches B15 and B39, magnetic coil 287 (see FIG. 17D) polarizer 289, branch B17, ionizing and filtering unit 215, branches B16, B42, and B41, x-ray tube 263, branch B21, ionization head 221, branch B23, magnetic coil 266, branch B25, and mixing chamber 261. The gases should complete this circuit at least three times.
The last step required to prepare the mixture for bottling is polarization of the argon. The circuit required to do this consists of the following components: mixing chamber 261, branch B44, magnetic coil 267, magnetic coil 269, ionization head 240, cathode ray tube 265, branch B40, tubing coil 257, branches B49 and B30, ionization head 231, branch B24, ionization head 219, pump 217, branches B15 and B39, twin parallel magnetic coil 287 (see FIG. 17D), polarizer 289, branch B17, ionizing and filtering unit 215, branches B16, B42 and B20, ionization head 229, cathode ray tube 227, magnetic coil 237, ionization head 221, branch B23 and magnetic coil 266. This too is repeated at least three times. The key to the polarization of argon is polarizer 289 and twin parallel magnetic coil 287 that encircles it. Polarizer 289 is a glass bottle which is filled with finely powdered soft iron which can be easily magnetized. The filled bottle is, in effect, the iron core of the coils. The iron particles align themselves with the magnetic lines of force, which lines radiate from the center toward the north and south poles. The ionized gas mixture is forced through the magnetized iron powder by means of pump pressure and vacuum, thereby polarizing the argon gas. Filters 293 and 295 are disposed as shown in order to filter metallic particles out of the gas.
The mixture is now double-checked by means of spark chamber 251 at atmospheric pressure since the fusion reaction in the engine is started at one atmosphere. Because the gases in mixing apparatus 201 are at a partial vacuum, sufficient gases must be pumped into spark chamber 251 to attain atmospheric pressure. To do this valves V33, V36 and V40A are closed and circulating pump 217 pumps the gases in the mixing apparatus via branches B15 and B39A, through check valve V39A into spark chamber 251 until the vacuum and pressure gauge 242 indicates that the gases within spark chamber 251 are at atmospheric pressure. Valve V34 is then closed. The spark chamber is similar to a cloud chamber. Six or more high capacity brass capacitor plates are spaced 1/8" to 1/4" apart in the chamber. A small plastic container holds the thorium 232. One side of the chamber is equipped with a thick glass window through which sparks in the chamber may be observed. A potential is placed on the brass plates in the chamber and the current flowing between the plates is measured. If this current exactly corresponds to the ionization current, the mixture is acceptable. A difference of greater than 5% is not acceptable. A lesser difference can be corrected by recirculating the gas in the mixer and particularly through ionization gauge 255 as previously described in the circulation step. A second test is then given the gases that pass the first test. A calculated high frequency current is gradually imposed on the spark chamber capacitor plates. This excitation causes neutrons to be emitted from the thorium 232 which, if the mixture is satisfactory, can be easily seen as a thin thread of light in the chamber. If the mixture is not satisfactory, light discharges cannot be seen and the high frequency circuit will short out and turn off before the desired frequency is reached.
To bottle the mixture, valve V33 is opened and valves V36 and V40 are closed. During bottling polarizer 289, twin parallel magnetic coil 287, ionization unit 215 and ion gauge 255 are electrically energized (all electrical circuits are previously deenergized) to improve the stability of the mixture. The prepared gases are withdrawn from the mixing apparatus via branches B24 and B16, ionization unit 215, branch B17, filters 293 and 295, polarizer 289, twin parallel magnetic coil 287, branch B39, ion gauge 255, check valve V39A, branch B38 and spark chamber 251. If desired, after bottling the mixer may be exhausted by opening valves V12, V13, V14, V23, V24, V29, V32, V57 and V59. Of course, one can also automate the fuel preparation process to be continuous so that it would never be necessary to exhaust the gas.
In operation of mixing apparatus 201, certain operational factors must be considered. For one, no electrical devices can be on without the pump being in operation because an electrical device that is on can damage adjacent gas that is not circulating. For another, it should be noted that directed cathode ray tube 265, non-directed cathode ray tube 227 and focused x-ray tube 263 serve different functions at different points in the mixing process. In one mode, they provide hot cathode radiation, which can occur only in a vacuum. When gases are flowing through these devices, they provide a cold cathode discharge. For example, during argon polarization and the circulation step, focused x-ray tube 263 is under vacuum and affects the gases flowing through ionization head 240 by way of hot cathode radiation. During the introduction of the different gases into mixing apparatus 201 and during the recirculation step, the gases are flowing through focused x-ray tube 263, which affects the gases by way of a cold cathode discharge.
It is preferred that each switchable electrical component in mixing apparatus 201 be wired into a separate circuit despite the fact that one of the poles of each could be commonly wired. In a common ground circuit if one device is turned on, all of the other units may also turn on because the gases in the device are conductive. In addition, if one unit on a common circuit were energized with high frequency current, the others would also be affected. In the same vein, the high frequency current cannot be used when the cathode ray tubes, the x-ray tubes or the dischargers are heated and under vacuum because the heater filaments will burn out.
Finally, the current source, the variable rectifiers and the electrical measuring instruments must be located more than ten feet from mixing apparatus 201 because the high frequency current is harmful to the rectifiers, causing them to burn out or short out.
It is hoped that a brief summary of the concepts used by the inventor in developing the above invention will be helpful to the reader, it being understood that this summary is in no way intended to limit the claims which follow or to affect their validity. The first concept is that of using an inert gas mixture at approximately one atmosphere at TDC (at ignition) as a fuel in a thermonuclear energy production process. The second concept is the layering of the various inert gases, which layering is designed to confine the input energy in the innermost layers during pre-excitement and ignition, to provide thermal insulation for the container walls during and after ignition, to transmit power resulting from the ignition through the layers in turn to the piston, to absorb the pressure generated during ignition to protect the cylinder walls, and to provide an orderly, predictable positioning of the argon layer during the BDC to TDC portion of the engine cycle. The third concept of this invention involves utilizing electric current produced in one cylinder of a pair to perform functions in the other cylinder of that pair. This concept includes the sub-concepts of generating electric current by atomic recombination and of electric generation in place resulting from the rotation of layered inert gases within each cylinder because of the changed polarity of the encircling coils at BDC, from judicious placement of coils which produce magnetic field lines which are cut by a near perfect conductor (polarized argon), and from movement of said near perfect conductor through the magnetic field.
The fourth and fifth concepts of this invention are the transformation of rapid, intense, but short duration thermonuclear reactions into pressure that is transmitted from inert gas to inert gas until it creates linear kinetic energy at the piston, which energy is converted into rotary kinetic energy by a crankshaft, and the use of a shaft-driven generator to provide power to spaced field coils during the BDC to TDC portion of the cycle of each cylinder.
The sixth concept concerns adequate pre-excitement of the inert gas fuel and more particularly involves the sub-concepts of pre-exciting the fuel in the mixing process, of manipulation of the currents in the coils surrounding each cylinder, of discharging the capacitors surrounding each cylinder at predetermined times in the cycles, of causing a stream of electrical particles to flow between electrodes and a conductive discharge point on the piston, of emitting alpha, beta and gamma rays from an anode and a cathode containing low level radioactive material to the piston's discharge point, of accelerating the alpha, beta and gamma rays by the application of a high voltage field, and of situating capacitor plates 90 degrees from the anode and cathode to slow and reflect neutrons generated during ignition. The seventh concept involves the provision of a minute, pellet-type fission ignition, the heat from which causes a minute fusion as the result of the ignition chamber shape and arrangement, as a result of the collision of the alpha, beta and gamma rays and the electrical particles at a focal point in conjunction with the discharge of the capacitors that surround the cylinder through the electrodes, and as a result of increasing the magnetic field in the direction of the movement of each piston.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
As various changes could be made in the above methods, constructions and products without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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I tried to link the pictures inside image brackets and hyperlinkbrackets, but that didn't work.
Would be nice if we could make one picture of the whole mixer, and even better if we could put it in googlesketch or in a program that could follow the lines, or give them colours?
The electrical side of this is hocus pocus to me. But the thing that intriges me is that there are build in type of signals to say when things are good. Like the spectroscopical flash or the sparks in the room with the brass dividers.
And, do we really need to build the whole thing his way or can we do with testing some sub reactions?
If we look at the patent about the mixer, it is a daunting challenge to get a grip on what's happening. How to slice it down into chewable packets?
====Lets dump the whole info "pile o'shyte" under this line ==============
FIGS. 17A-17D are schematic diagrams of a fuel mixer of the present invention;
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FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of the mixing chamber portion of the fuel mixer shown in FIGS. 17A-17D;
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FIGS. 19A-19E are schematic diagrams of a portion of the electrical circuitry of the fuel mixer shown in FIGS. 17A-17D;
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FIGS. 20A-20F are schematic diagrams of the rest of the electrical circuitry of the fuel mixer shown in FIGS. 17A-17D.
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Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.
The working fluid and the fuel for the engine are one and the same and consist of a mixture of inert gases, which mixture consists essentially of helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon. It is preferred that the mixture contain 35.6% helium, 26.3% neon, 16.9% argon, 12.7% krypton, and 8.5% xenon by volume, it having been calculated that this particular mixture gives the maximum operation time without refueling. Generally, the initial mixture may contain, by volume, approximately 36% helium, approximately 26% neon, approximately 17% argon, approximately 13% krypton, and approximately 8% xenon. This mixture results from a calculation that equalizes the total charge for each of the gases used after compensating for the fact that one inert gas, viz. randon, is not used. The foregoing is confirmed by a spectroscopic flashing, described infra, that occurs during the mixing process. If one of the gases in the mixture has less than the prescribed percentage, it will become over-excited. Similarly, if one of the gases has more than the prescribed percentage, that gas will be under-excited. These percentages do not vary with the size of the cylinder.
Turning now to FIGS. 17A-17D, there is shown apparatus 201 for preparing the fuel mixture for engine 11. For convenience apparatus 201 is called a mixer although it should be understood that the apparatus not only mixes the gases which form the fuel but also performs many other vital functions as well. The five constituent inert gases are introduced in precise, predetermined proportions. The mixer extracts, filters and neutralizes the non-inert gases and other contaminants which may be found in the gas mixture. It also increases the potential capacity of gas atoms, discharges the krypton and xenon gases, polarizes the argon gases, ionizes the gases in a manner such that the ionization is maintained until the gas has been utilized and otherwise prepares them for use as a fuel in engine 11. In particular, the mixer makes the gases easier to excite during operation of the engine. Mixing does not mean an atomic or molecular combination or unification of gases because inert gases cannot chemically combine, in general, due to the completeness of the outer shell of electrons. During mixing, the various gases form a homogeneous mixture. The mixing of the five inert gases in apparatus 201 is somewhat analogous to preparing a five part liquid chemical mixture by titration. In such a mixture, the proportions of the different chemicals are accurately determined by visually observing the end point of each reaction during titration. In apparatus 201, a visible, spectroscopic flash of light accompanies the desired end point of the introduction of each new gas as it reaches its proper, precalculated proportion. (Each gas has its own distinctive, characteristic, spectroscopic display.) The ends points are theoretically calculated and are determined by pre-set voltages on each of a group of ionizing heads, described infra, in the apparatus.
Mixer 201 includes (see FIG. 17A) an intake port, indicated generally at 203, which during operation is connected to a source 205 of helium gas, a gauge 206, glass tubing 207 comprising a plurality of branches B10-B25 for flow of the gases through the mixer, a plurality of valves V1-V11 in the branches, which valves may be opened or closed as necessary, three gas reservoirs 209, 211 and 213 for storing small quantities of helium, argon and neon gas respectively, an ionizing and filtering unit 215 for filtering undesired non-inert gases and contaminants out of the fuel mixture, for regulating the gas atom electron charge and to absorb the free flowing electrons, a gas flow circulation pump 217, two ionizing heads 219 and 221, and three quality control and exhaust valves V12-V14. The mixer also comprises (see FIG. 17B) a high frequency discharge tube 225, a non-directed cathode ray tube 227, two more ionizing heads 229 and 231, two additional gas reservoirs 233 and 235 for storing small quantities of xenon and krypton, a quadruple magnetic coil 237, a plurality of valves V15-V24, valves V23 and V24 being quality control and exhaust valves, and a plurality of additional glass tubing branches B26-B32.
Turning to FIG. 17C, mixer 201 also includes additional ionizing heads 239, 240 and 241, additional valves V25-V46, V39A and V40A, valves V29 and V32 being quality control and exhaust valves and valve V39A being a check valve, a vacuum and pressure gauge 242 between valves V35 and V36, tubing branches B34-B49 (branch B39 consisting of two parts B39A and B39B), a pair of intake ports 243 and 245 which during operation are connected to sources 247 and 249 of argon and neon gas respectively, gauges 250A and 250B, a spark chamber 251, a hydrogen and oxygen retention chamber 253 containing No. 650 steel dust in a silk filter, an ion gauge 255 (which can be an RG 75K type Ion Gauge from Glass Instruments, Inc. of Pasadena, Calif.) for removing excess inert gases from the mixture, inner and outer coils of glass tubing 257 and 259 surrounding a mixing chamber 261, a focused x-ray tube 263 for subjecting the mixture flowing therethrough to 15-20 millirem alpha radiation and 120-125 millirem beta radiation, a directed cathode ray tube 265, two twin parallel magnetic coils 266 and 267, and a focusing magnetic coil 269. It is important that coils 266 and 267 be immediately adjacent mixing chamber 261. And (see FIG. 17D) the mixer also comprises three more ionizing heads 271, 273 and 275, two entry ports 277 and 279 which during operation are connected to sources 281 and 283 of krypton and xenon respectively, gauges 284A and 284B, a high frequency discharge tube 285, a twin parallel magnetic coil 287 surrounding a polarizer 289 for polarizing the argon, said polarizer containing fine steel particles which are polarized by coils 287 and which in turn polarize argon, a second hydrogen retention chamber 291, a pair of tubing branches B50 and B51, two filters 293 and 295 and a plurality of valves V47-V59, valves V57 and V59 being quality control and exhaust valves.
Inner and outer glass tubing coils 257 and 259 and mixing chamber 261 are shown in cross section in FIG. 18. Intermediate glass coils 257 and 259 are two magnetic coils 297 and 299 having an inductance of approximately 130 mH. A yoke coil 301 is semicircularly disposed around mixing chamber 261. Inside mixing chamber 261 are located a pair of screens 303 and 305, insulators 307 and 309, and a pair of spark gaps indicated generally at 311 and 313. A high frequency amplitude modulated source provides 120 V ac., 60 Hz, 8.4 amp, 560 watt, 27,120 to 40,000 MHz.+-.160 KHz current via heavily insulated wires 315 and 317 to the chamber. These wires are about twelve gauge, like those used as spark plug wires on internal combustion engines. Additionally 95 V direct current is supplied thereto via a smaller (e.g. sixteen to eighteen gauge) insulated wire 319. As described below, the gases to be mixed and prepared flow through chamber 261 and are suitably treated therein by the action of the various fields present in the chamber.
The magnetic coils, ionization heads, and pump 217, along with the required electrical interconnections, are schematically shown in FIGS. 19A-19E. More particularly, heads 239 and 241 are shown in FIG. 19A, as is pump 217. Each ionizing head has two electrodes with a gap therebetween to cause ionization of gases flowing through said head, the electrodes being connected to a source of electrical power. Pump 217 is directly connected to a source of power (either a.c. or d.c. as required by the particular pump being used). The connections between the circuitry on FIG. 19A and that on FIG. 19B are shown as a plug 321, it being understood that this plug represents a suitable one-to-one connection between the lines of FIG. 19A and those of FIG. 19B.
The remaining ionizing heads and all the magnetic coils are shown in FIG. 19B. For clarity, the coils are shown in an unconventional form. Quadruple coil 237 (shown at the top of FIG. 19B) has one side of each winding connected in common but the other sides are connected to different lines. Coil 223 consists of two windings in parallel. Coils 297 and 299, the ones around the mixing chamber, are shown overlapping, it being understood that coil 297 is actually interior of coil 299. Yoke coil 301, as shown, extends half-way from the bottom to the top of coils 297 and 299. Twin parallel magnetic coils 267 are connected in parallel with each other, both sides of focusing coil 269 being connected to one node of coils 267. Likewise coils 287 are connected in parallel. The connections between the lines of FIGS. 19B and those of FIGS. 19C and 19D are shown as plugs 323 and 325, although other suitable one-to-one connections could certainly be made. FIG. 19C shows the interconnecting lines between FIGS. 19B and 19E. A plug 327 or other suitable one-to-one connections connects the lines of FIGS. 19C and 19E.
A plurality of power sources, like the above-mentioned Variacs, of suitable voltages and currents as well as a plurality of relays 329, and plugs 331 are shown on FIGS. 19D and 19E. The connections between these two Figs. is shown as a plug 333. It should be appreciated that the Variacs can be adjusted by the operator as necessary to supply the desired voltages to the aforementioned coils and ionizing heads. It should also be realized that the desired relays can be closed or opened as needed by connecting or disconnecting the two parts of the corresponding plug 331. That is, by use of plugs 331, the operator can control the energizing of the ionizing heads and magnetic coils as desired. Plugs 331 are also an aid in checking to ensure that each component is in operating condition just prior to its use. Of course, the manipulation of the power sources and the relays need not be performed manually; it could be automated.
The remaining circuitry for the mixer is shown on FIGS. 20A-20F. For convenience, plugs 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345 and 347 are shown as connecting the circuitry shown in the various Figs., although other suitable one-to-one connections may be used. The chassis of the apparatus is shown on these Figs. in phantom and is grounded. The power supply for the apparatus is shown in part on FIGS. 20A and 20D and includes an input 349 (see FIG. 20D) which is connected to 120 V, 60 Hz power during operation and an input 351 which is connected to the aforementioned high frequency generator or some other suitable source of approximately 27,120 MHz current. The power supply includes a pair of tuners 353, numerous RLC circuits, a triode 355, a pentode 357 with a ZnS screen, a variable transformer 359, an input control 361, a second variable transformer 363 (see FIG. 20A) which together with a filter 365 forms a 2.0 volts (peak-to-peak) power supply 367, a pentode 369, a variable transformer 371, and a resistor network indicated generally at 373. Exemplary voltages in the power supply during operation are as follows: The anode of triode 355 is at 145 V, the control grid at 135 V and the cathode at -25 V. The voltage at the top of the right-hand winding of transformer 359 is -5 V. The anode of pentode 357 is at 143 V, the top grid is grounded (as is the ZnS screen), the bottom grid is connected to transformer 359, and the control electrode is at 143 V. The input to supply 367 is 143 volts ac while its output, as stated above, is 2 V (peak-to-peak). The anode of pentode 369 is at 60 V, the grids at -1.5 V, the control electrode at 130 V, and the cathode is substantially at ground. And the output of resistor network 373, labelled 375, is at 45 V.
Also shown on FIG. 20D is spark chamber 251. Spark chamber 251 includes a small amount of thorium, indicated at 377, and a plurality of parallel brass plates 379. When the gases in the mixer reach the proper ionization, the alpha particles emitted by the thorium shown up as flashes of light in the spark chamber.
Turning now to FIG. 20B, ionizing and filtering unit 215 includes a pair of conductive supports 381 for a plurality of conductors 383, said supports and conductors being connected to a voltage source, an insulative support 385 for additional conductors 387, and a ZnS screen 388 which emits light when impurities are removed from the gaseous fuel mixture. Unit 215 also includes a second set of interleaved conductors indicated generally at 389, a cold-cathode tube 391, and an x-ray tube indicated generally at 393. Also shown on FIG. 20B is an RLC network 395 which has an output on a line 397 which is at 35 V, this voltage being supplied to the x-ray tube.
High frequency discharge tube 255 (see FIG. 20C) has a conductive electrode 399 at one end to which high frequency current is applied to excite the gases in the mixer, and an electrode/heater arrangement 401 at the other, a voltage of 45 V being applied to an input 402 of said tube. It is desirable that a small quantity of mercury, indicated at 403, be included in tube 225 to promote discharge of the helium gas. Magnetic coils 237 have disposed therein a pair of generally parallel conductors 405 to which a high frequency signal is applied. When gas flows through coils 237 and between parallel conductors 405, therefore, it is subjected to the combination of a DC magnetic field from the coil and high frequency waves from the conductors, which conductors act as transmitting antennas. The resulting high frequency magnetic field causes the atoms to become unstable, which allows the engine to change a given atom's quantum level with much less input power than would normally be required. The volume of each gas atom will also be smaller. Also shown on FIG. 20C is non-directed cathode ray tube 227. The grids of tube 227 are at 145 V, the control electrode is at ground, while the anode is at 35 V to 80 V (peak-to-peak). The purpose of non-directed cathode ray tube 227 is to add photons to the gas mixture. To generate these photons, tube 227 has a two layer ZnS coating indicated generally at 407. Chamber 261, described above, is also shown schematically on FIG. 20C, along with an RLC network 409.
The power supply for the mixer (see the lower halves of FIGS. 20E and 20F) also includes two pentodes 411 and 413, a transformer 415, and a diode tube 417. The control electrode of pentode 411 is at 5 V to 40 V (peak-to-peak), the grids are at 145 V, the anode is at 100 V, and the cathode is at 8 V to 30 V (peak-to-peak). The control electrode of pentode 413 is at 115 V, while its grids and cathode are at -33 V. The anode of tube 413 is connected to transformer 415. Also shown on FIG. 20E are a relay 419 associated with ion gauge 255, and focused x-ray tube 263 associated with ionization head 240. The upper input to tube 263 is at 45 V to 80 V (peak-to-peak).
Turning to FIG. 20F, there is shown tubes 265 and 285. Directed cathode ray tube 265 is a pentode connected like tube 227. High frequency discharge tube 285 includes a phosphor screen and is connected to a high frequency source. Also shown on FIG. 20F is a triode 421 with its anode at 30 V, its cathode at ground, and its control grid at -60 V; a pentode 423 with its anode at 135 V to 1000 V peak to peak, its cathode at ground, its control electrode at 143 V, its grids at 20 V; and a transformer 425. It should be understood that various arrangements of electrical components other than those described above could be designed to perform the same functions.
The operation of the mixer is best understood with reference to FIGS. 17A-17D and is as follows: Before and during operation, the mixer, and particularly chamber 261 is kept hermetically sealed and evacuated. To begin the mixing process, helium is admitted into the mixer via intake port 203. Then a vacuum is again drawn, by a vacuum pump (not shown) connected to valve V38, to flush the chamber. This flushing is repeated several times to completely cleanse the tubing branches of the mixer. The mixer is now ready. The ionization heads next to mixing chamber 261 are connected to a voltage corresponding to approximately 36% of the calculated total ionizing voltage, dc current is allowed to flow through magnetic coils 297 and 299 around chamber 261, and high frequency current is allowed to pass through the mixing chamber. Helium is then slowly admitted, via port 203, into the mixer. From port 203, the helium passes through ionization head 219 into glass tubing coil 259. This glass coil, being outside magnetic coils 297 and 299, is in the diverging portion of a magnetic field. The helium slowly flowing through glass coil 259 is gently excited. From coil 259, the helium flows through branch B45 to ionization head 275 and from there, via branch B28, to ionization head 229 (see FIG. 17B). From head 229, the gas flows through non-directed cathode ray tube 227 to high-frequency discharger 225. The high frequency discharger 225, with heating element, discharges, separates or completely neutralizes the charge of any radioactive and/or cosmic particles that are in the helium atom in addition to the protons, neutrons and electrons. The gas exits discharger 225 via branch B26 and passes to high-frequency discharger 285. The high frequency discharger 285, without heating element, disturbs the frequency of oscillation which binds the gas atoms together. This prepares the helium atoms so that the electrons can more easily be split from the nucleus during the excitation and ignition process in the engine. Discharger 285 includes a phosphorus screen or deposit (similar to the coating on a cathode ray tube) which makes discharges in the tube visible. From discharger 285, the helium passes through directed cathode ray tube 265 and focused x-ray tube 263. Directed cathode ray tube 265 produces cathode rays which oscillate back and forth longitudinally underneath and along the gas carrying tube. Thereafter the helium passes successively through branch B21, ionization head 221, branch B23, twin parallel magnetic coil 266, and branch B25 into mixing chamber 261. Helium flows slowly into and through apparatus 201. The helium atoms become ionized as a result of excitation by magnetic force, high frequency vibrations and charge acquired from the ionization heads. When sufficient helium has entered the apparatus, the ionization energy (which is approximately 36% of the total) is totally absorbed. A spectroscopic flash of light in the mixing chamber signals that the precise, proper quantity of helium has been allowed to enter. The entry of helium is then immediately halted by the closing of valve V3.
The next step in preparing the fuel is to add neon to the mixture. The potential on the relevant ionization heads, particularly head 241 (see FIG. 17C), is raised by the addition of approximately 26% which results in a total of approximately 62% of the total calculated potential and valve V31 is opened, thereby allowing neon to slowly enter the mixer via port 245. This gas passes through branch B36, ionization head 241, and branch B35 directly into the mixing chamber. Since the previously admitted helium is fully charged, the neon absorbs all of the increased ionization potential. As soon as the neon acquires the additional charge, a spectroscopic flash of light occurs and the operator closes valve V31.
In the same manner, the potential on the ionization heads is increased by the addition of approximately 17% for a total of approximately 79% of the total calculated potential and then valve V30 is opened to admit argon into the mixer via port 243. This gas passes through branch B34, ionization head 239, and branch B33 into mixing chamber 261. Again, when the proper amount of argon has been admitted, it emits a spectroscopic flash of light and the operator closes valve V30. Next, the potential on the ionization heads is increased by the addition of approximately 13% to result in a total of approximately 92% of the total calculated potential and valve V58 (see FIG. 17D) is opened to admit krypton into the system. The krypton gas passes through branch B51, ionization head 271 and branch B48 into chamber 261. Upon the emission of a spectroscopic flash of light by the gas, the operator closes valve V58. Finally, the potential on the ionization heads is increased by the addition of approximately 8% which brings the ionization potential to the full 100% of the calculated ionization voltage and valve V56 is opened to admit xenon into the mixer via port 279. This gas passes through branch B50, ionization head 273 and branch B47 to the mixing chamber. When the proper amount of gas has been admitted, a spectroscopic flash of light occurs signalling the operator to close valve V56. Note that there are two filter/absorber units, labelled 253 and 291. Unit 253 is connected to the neon and argon inlet branches B33 and B35 while unit 291 is connected to the krypton and xenon inlet branches B47 and B48. These two units absorb hydrogen residue and immobilize the water vapor created when the pump circulates the gases and generates vacuum states.
After all the gases are admitted in the desired proportions, all the valves are closed. (The mixture in the mixing chamber and in the adjacent tubing is at one atmosphere pressure at this time.) Once this is done, the interval valves of the system are all opened (but the inlet and outlet valves remain closed) to allow the mixture to circulate throughout the tubing as follows: branch B44, magnetic coils 267 and 269, ionization head 240, branch B29, ionization head 231, branch B24, ionization head 219, pump 217, branches B15 and B39A, ionization gauge 255, branches B38 and B42, ionization head 275, branch B28, ionization head 229, non-directed cathode ray tube 227, quadruple magnetic coil 272, ionization head 221, branch B23, twin parallel magnetic coil 266, branch B25 and mixing chamber 261. When this circuit is initially opened, the pressure of the mixture drops 40-50% because some of the tubing had previously been under vacuum. Pump 217 is then started to cause the gases to be slowly and evenly mixed.
Because of dead space in the tubing and the reaction time of the operator, it may occur that the proportions of the gases are not exactly those set forth above. This is remedied during the circulation step. As the gas flows through ionization gauge 255, excess gas is removed from the mixture so that the correct proportions are obtained. To do this the grid of gauge 255 is subjected to 100% ionization energy and is heated to approximately 165.degree. F. This temperature, 165.degree. F. is related to xenon's boiling point of -165.degree. F. in magnitude but is opposite in sign. Xenon is the heaviest of the five inert gases in the mixture. As the gas mixture flows through ionization gauge 255, the gas atoms that are in excess of their prescribed percentages are burned out of the mixture and their charge is acquired by the remaining gas atoms from the grid of the ionization gauge. Because the gases are under a partial vacuum, the ionization gauge is able to adjust the gas percentages very precisely. (Note: The steps described in the last two paragraphs are repeated if the finished gases are rejected in the final quality control step described infra.)
The next step involves purifying the mixture so that only the five inert gases remain, absorbing any free electrons and regulating the electrical charge in the mixture. To do this, the circuit consisting of the following components is opened: Branch B44, magnetic coil 267, magnetic coil 269, ionization head 240, branch B29, ionization head 231, branch B24, ionization head 219, pump 217, branches B15 and B39, magnetic coil 287 (see FIG. 17D) polarizer 289, branch B17, ionizing and filtering unit 215, branches B16, B42, and B41, x-ray tube 263, branch B21, ionization head 221, branch B23, magnetic coil 266, branch B25, and mixing chamber 261. The gases should complete this circuit at least three times.
The last step required to prepare the mixture for bottling is polarization of the argon. The circuit required to do this consists of the following components: mixing chamber 261, branch B44, magnetic coil 267, magnetic coil 269, ionization head 240, cathode ray tube 265, branch B40, tubing coil 257, branches B49 and B30, ionization head 231, branch B24, ionization head 219, pump 217, branches B15 and B39, twin parallel magnetic coil 287 (see FIG. 17D), polarizer 289, branch B17, ionizing and filtering unit 215, branches B16, B42 and B20, ionization head 229, cathode ray tube 227, magnetic coil 237, ionization head 221, branch B23 and magnetic coil 266. This too is repeated at least three times. The key to the polarization of argon is polarizer 289 and twin parallel magnetic coil 287 that encircles it. Polarizer 289 is a glass bottle which is filled with finely powdered soft iron which can be easily magnetized. The filled bottle is, in effect, the iron core of the coils. The iron particles align themselves with the magnetic lines of force, which lines radiate from the center toward the north and south poles. The ionized gas mixture is forced through the magnetized iron powder by means of pump pressure and vacuum, thereby polarizing the argon gas. Filters 293 and 295 are disposed as shown in order to filter metallic particles out of the gas.
The mixture is now double-checked by means of spark chamber 251 at atmospheric pressure since the fusion reaction in the engine is started at one atmosphere. Because the gases in mixing apparatus 201 are at a partial vacuum, sufficient gases must be pumped into spark chamber 251 to attain atmospheric pressure. To do this valves V33, V36 and V40A are closed and circulating pump 217 pumps the gases in the mixing apparatus via branches B15 and B39A, through check valve V39A into spark chamber 251 until the vacuum and pressure gauge 242 indicates that the gases within spark chamber 251 are at atmospheric pressure. Valve V34 is then closed. The spark chamber is similar to a cloud chamber. Six or more high capacity brass capacitor plates are spaced 1/8" to 1/4" apart in the chamber. A small plastic container holds the thorium 232. One side of the chamber is equipped with a thick glass window through which sparks in the chamber may be observed. A potential is placed on the brass plates in the chamber and the current flowing between the plates is measured. If this current exactly corresponds to the ionization current, the mixture is acceptable. A difference of greater than 5% is not acceptable. A lesser difference can be corrected by recirculating the gas in the mixer and particularly through ionization gauge 255 as previously described in the circulation step. A second test is then given the gases that pass the first test. A calculated high frequency current is gradually imposed on the spark chamber capacitor plates. This excitation causes neutrons to be emitted from the thorium 232 which, if the mixture is satisfactory, can be easily seen as a thin thread of light in the chamber. If the mixture is not satisfactory, light discharges cannot be seen and the high frequency circuit will short out and turn off before the desired frequency is reached.
To bottle the mixture, valve V33 is opened and valves V36 and V40 are closed. During bottling polarizer 289, twin parallel magnetic coil 287, ionization unit 215 and ion gauge 255 are electrically energized (all electrical circuits are previously deenergized) to improve the stability of the mixture. The prepared gases are withdrawn from the mixing apparatus via branches B24 and B16, ionization unit 215, branch B17, filters 293 and 295, polarizer 289, twin parallel magnetic coil 287, branch B39, ion gauge 255, check valve V39A, branch B38 and spark chamber 251. If desired, after bottling the mixer may be exhausted by opening valves V12, V13, V14, V23, V24, V29, V32, V57 and V59. Of course, one can also automate the fuel preparation process to be continuous so that it would never be necessary to exhaust the gas.
In operation of mixing apparatus 201, certain operational factors must be considered. For one, no electrical devices can be on without the pump being in operation because an electrical device that is on can damage adjacent gas that is not circulating. For another, it should be noted that directed cathode ray tube 265, non-directed cathode ray tube 227 and focused x-ray tube 263 serve different functions at different points in the mixing process. In one mode, they provide hot cathode radiation, which can occur only in a vacuum. When gases are flowing through these devices, they provide a cold cathode discharge. For example, during argon polarization and the circulation step, focused x-ray tube 263 is under vacuum and affects the gases flowing through ionization head 240 by way of hot cathode radiation. During the introduction of the different gases into mixing apparatus 201 and during the recirculation step, the gases are flowing through focused x-ray tube 263, which affects the gases by way of a cold cathode discharge.
It is preferred that each switchable electrical component in mixing apparatus 201 be wired into a separate circuit despite the fact that one of the poles of each could be commonly wired. In a common ground circuit if one device is turned on, all of the other units may also turn on because the gases in the device are conductive. In addition, if one unit on a common circuit were energized with high frequency current, the others would also be affected. In the same vein, the high frequency current cannot be used when the cathode ray tubes, the x-ray tubes or the dischargers are heated and under vacuum because the heater filaments will burn out.
Finally, the current source, the variable rectifiers and the electrical measuring instruments must be located more than ten feet from mixing apparatus 201 because the high frequency current is harmful to the rectifiers, causing them to burn out or short out.
It is hoped that a brief summary of the concepts used by the inventor in developing the above invention will be helpful to the reader, it being understood that this summary is in no way intended to limit the claims which follow or to affect their validity. The first concept is that of using an inert gas mixture at approximately one atmosphere at TDC (at ignition) as a fuel in a thermonuclear energy production process. The second concept is the layering of the various inert gases, which layering is designed to confine the input energy in the innermost layers during pre-excitement and ignition, to provide thermal insulation for the container walls during and after ignition, to transmit power resulting from the ignition through the layers in turn to the piston, to absorb the pressure generated during ignition to protect the cylinder walls, and to provide an orderly, predictable positioning of the argon layer during the BDC to TDC portion of the engine cycle. The third concept of this invention involves utilizing electric current produced in one cylinder of a pair to perform functions in the other cylinder of that pair. This concept includes the sub-concepts of generating electric current by atomic recombination and of electric generation in place resulting from the rotation of layered inert gases within each cylinder because of the changed polarity of the encircling coils at BDC, from judicious placement of coils which produce magnetic field lines which are cut by a near perfect conductor (polarized argon), and from movement of said near perfect conductor through the magnetic field.
The fourth and fifth concepts of this invention are the transformation of rapid, intense, but short duration thermonuclear reactions into pressure that is transmitted from inert gas to inert gas until it creates linear kinetic energy at the piston, which energy is converted into rotary kinetic energy by a crankshaft, and the use of a shaft-driven generator to provide power to spaced field coils during the BDC to TDC portion of the cycle of each cylinder.
The sixth concept concerns adequate pre-excitement of the inert gas fuel and more particularly involves the sub-concepts of pre-exciting the fuel in the mixing process, of manipulation of the currents in the coils surrounding each cylinder, of discharging the capacitors surrounding each cylinder at predetermined times in the cycles, of causing a stream of electrical particles to flow between electrodes and a conductive discharge point on the piston, of emitting alpha, beta and gamma rays from an anode and a cathode containing low level radioactive material to the piston's discharge point, of accelerating the alpha, beta and gamma rays by the application of a high voltage field, and of situating capacitor plates 90 degrees from the anode and cathode to slow and reflect neutrons generated during ignition. The seventh concept involves the provision of a minute, pellet-type fission ignition, the heat from which causes a minute fusion as the result of the ignition chamber shape and arrangement, as a result of the collision of the alpha, beta and gamma rays and the electrical particles at a focal point in conjunction with the discharge of the capacitors that surround the cylinder through the electrodes, and as a result of increasing the magnetic field in the direction of the movement of each piston.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
As various changes could be made in the above methods, constructions and products without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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I tried to link the pictures inside image brackets and hyperlinkbrackets, but that didn't work.
Would be nice if we could make one picture of the whole mixer, and even better if we could put it in googlesketch or in a program that could follow the lines, or give them colours?
The electrical side of this is hocus pocus to me. But the thing that intriges me is that there are build in type of signals to say when things are good. Like the spectroscopical flash or the sparks in the room with the brass dividers.